Umwelt: Milieu / Klimazone / Tiefenbereich / Verbreitungsgebiet
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser demersal; anadrom (Ref. 126106); tiefenbereich 0 - 100 m (Ref. 115829), usually 0 - 30 m (Ref. 5217). Subtropical; 11°C - 31°C (Ref. 47167); 40°N - 34°S, 117°W - 34°W
Eastern Central Pacific: Baja California to Peru (Ref. 9330); Northwestern Central Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Chesapeake Bay, USA to the Antilles and southern Brazil.
Länge bei der ersten Reifung / Größe / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 8.5, range 8 - ? cm
Max length : 22.4 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 131022); common length : 15.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 5217); max. veröff. Gewicht: 117.40 g (Ref. 131022); max. veröff. Alter: 1.21 Jahre (Ref. 47359)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 73 - 87; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 57 - 68.
Body shape (shape guide): other (see remarks).
Adults inhabit sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 9330). Common in estuaries (Ref. 9330). They feed on big, benthic invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9330). Utilized fresh (Ref. 9330).
Oviparous (Ref. 101737). Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period (Ref. 101737).
Figueiredo, J.L. and N.A. Menezes, 2000. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. VI.Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Brazil. 116 p. (Ref. 36453)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: weniger kommerziell
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Schätzungen auf der Grundlage von Modellen
Bevorzugte Temperatur (Ref.
123201): 21.1 - 28, mean 25.7 °C (based on 862 cells).
Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00685 - 0.01057), b=3.08 (3.01 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophische Ebene (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (tmax=1.2; K >0.3).
Anfälligkeit der Fischerei (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (11 of 100).
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Nährstoffe (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 191 [89, 438] mg/100g; Iron = 1.64 [0.75, 3.24] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.6, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.244 [0.120, 0.523] g/100g; Selenium = 36.6 [16.0, 86.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.61 [1.15, 21.44] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.06 [0.66, 1.63] mg/100g (wet weight);