Environment: milieu / climate zone / Tiefenbereich / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser demersal; tiefenbereich 10 - 340 m (Ref. 56504), usually 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 71°N - 21°N, 49°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Norway to Morocco, Madeira, Iceland (Ref. 2723), including Greenland (Ref. 115160). Also known from the Mediterranean and Black Sea (Ref. 4697).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 18.8, range 24 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 4697); max. veröff. Gewicht: 956.00 g (Ref. 41256)
Head large without deep occipital groove. Vertebrae 37-39 (11-13 precaudal and 25-27 caudal).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Common on sandy grounds, sometimes on rocky bottoms, and also on mud between coastline to 140 m depth. Up to depth of 340 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feeds on crustaceans, mostly shrimps and shore crabs; fishes, mostly gobies, flatfish, young herring and sand eels. Makes croaking sounds (Ref. 9987). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried and baked (Ref. 9987).
The young are pelagic until attaining a length of 3 cm.
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
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Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.3 - 13.5, mean 10.1 °C (based on 1378 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00692 (0.00575 - 0.00832), b=3.04 (2.98 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (K=0.16; tm=3-4; tmax=16; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.10, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (55 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 42.8 [23.8, 88.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.431 [0.232, 0.773] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [15.9, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.682 [0.312, 1.889] g/100g; Selenium = 21.1 [10.6, 47.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.8 [4.8, 37.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.494 [0.355, 0.707] mg/100g (wet weight);
