Lớp phụ Cá sụn (cá mập và cá đuối) (sharks and rays) >
Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) >
Rhinobatidae (Guitarfishes)
Etymology: Rhinobatos: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek, batis, -idos = a ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 0 - 100 m (Ref. 12951). Subtropical; 44°N - 17°S, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: southern Bay of Biscay to Angola, including Mediterranean Sea.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm 87.0, range 79 - ? cm
Max length : 185 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 127374); common length : 80.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3261); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 26.6 kg (Ref. 127374)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 0; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0. Rostral ridges widely separated over their entire length; anterior nasal lobe reaching to level of inner corner of nostril, posterior nasal flap wide; spiracle with two moderately developed folds, the outer one more prominent; thorns relatively small, present around inner margin of orbits, between spiracles, on shoulders, and along midline of disc and tail; Upper surface khaki-brown, underside white (Ref. 6675).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: flattened.
Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms, from the intertidal zone to about 100 m. Sometimes near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Slow swimming over bottom or partially buried. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly crustaceans and small fishes. Males mature at ca. 56 cm TL, females at ca. 64 cm TL; born at ca. 25 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous, one or two litters per year with 4-10 embryos.
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). One or two litters per year, of 4-10 embryos (Ref. 6675)
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Tài liệu tham khảo
123201): 19.2 - 28, mean 26.1 °C (based on 104 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Tài liệu tham khảo
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00204 (0.00165 - 0.00253), b=3.08 (3.02 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Tài liệu tham khảo
69278): 4.1 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Tài liệu tham khảo
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (tmax=5; Fec=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.2 [3.7, 87.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.646 [0.170, 1.792] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [17.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.236 [0.109, 0.521] g/100g; Selenium = 24.8 [7.5, 65.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.46 [2.60, 15.59] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.552 [0.281, 1.018] mg/100g (wet weight);
