分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 50 - 300 m (Ref. 4780), usually 150 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). 亞熱帶的; 50°N - 28°S
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa (Ref. 4373), including the western Mediterranean. Western Indian Ocean: east coast of Africa (Ref. 3490); probably also in the Arabian Sea under synonyms capensis (non Pappe ?), sinuata Day and striata Boulenger.
東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非 (參考文獻 4373), 包括地中海西部。 西印度洋: 非洲東岸;(參考文獻 3490) 可能也在同種異名 capensis 下面的阿拉伯海 (非 Pappe?), sinuata 日子與 striata Boulenger。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 23.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3593); 最大年齡: 27 年 (Ref. 127644)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 25 - 29; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7. Juveniles with narrow oblique dark and light stripes, becoming obscure in adults (Ref. 4373).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
稚魚有狹窄的斜深色的與淡色條紋, 變成暗當成魚時.(參考文獻 4373)
Found in mud and sandy bottoms of the shelf and upper slope (Ref. 4780), 14° to 15° C (Ref. 36731). Feed on small shrimps, worms and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh and dried salted (Ref. 3490).
發現於泥與大陸棚與上層斜坡 (參考文獻 4780) 的砂質底部， 15個 ° C 的 14個 °了。 (參考文獻 36731) 吃小的蝦，蠕蟲與其他的底棲無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 4780) 生鮮販賣了與乾燥鹽醃.(參考文獻 3490)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非 (參考文獻 4373), 包括地中海西部。 西印度洋: 非洲東岸;(參考文獻 3490) 可能也在同種異名 capensis 下面的阿拉伯海 (非 Pappe?), sinuata 日子與 striata Boulenger。
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 26 September 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 11.9 - 19.7, mean 15 °C (based on 71 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00552 - 0.01313), b=3.13 (3.00 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.4 ±0.44 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.26).
Prior r = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.82, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.3 [29.8, 106.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.928 [0.470, 1.611] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.4, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.337 [0.202, 0.525] g/100g; Selenium = 41.3 [22.7, 76.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.26 [2.87, 26.43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.631 [0.450, 0.913] mg/100g (wet weight);
