分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 大洋性. 亞熱帶的; 41°N - 40°N, 23°E - 24°E
Europe: Lakes Koronia (extirpated) and Volvi, Greece (ref. 59043).
歐洲: 希臘 Volvi 湖的特有種。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 12.4, range 11 - 14 cm
Max length : 35.1 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 10545); 最大體重: 600.00 g (Ref. 10545); 最大年齡: 10 年 (Ref. 10545)
背棘 (總數) : 3 - 4; 背的軟條 (總數) : 12 - 14; 臀棘: 3 - 4; 臀鰭軟條: 16 - 21. This species is distinguished from its congeners entering the freshwater in Mediterranean basin by the following characters: gill rakers 106-128; teeth on palatine and vomer well-developed, especially in juveniles (Ref. 59043).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Landlocked, lacustrine, pelagic, in upper water layers during summer and descending to deeper layers in winter. It spawns at 1-2 years, near shores above gravel or coarse sand, with most individuals spawning more than one season. Spawning starts when temperature reach about 19-20°C, in July to August (Ref. 59043). Adults form schools in the epilimnion during summer and tend to congregate in shallow waters near shores. They feed on plankton (cladocerans and copepods) and small fishes (Ref. 10545, 59043). It is threatened by water abstraction and pollution (Ref. 26100).
出現於平靜的水域中的一種生命期短的種。 成魚在表水層中形成魚群夏天時而且傾向聚集在近岸淺水區。 他們吃浮游生物與魚類。 (參考文獻 10545) 繁殖發生從四月到六月。 受到威脅的由於水資源減少與污染.(參考文獻 26100)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Deposits eggs near the shore where the sediment consists of gravel or coarse sand (Ref. 10545). Most individuals spawn in more than one season (Ref. 59043).歐洲: 希臘 Volvi 湖的特有種。
Economidis, P.S. and A.I. Sinis, 1991. Alosa macedonica (Vinciguerra 1921). p. 297-308. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10545)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
極危 (CR) (B1ab(iii)); Date assessed: 04 November 2023
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00537 (0.00310 - 0.00931), b=2.99 (2.84 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.7 ±0.64 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1; tmax=10; K=0.403).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
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