Environment: milieu / climate zone / Tiefenbereich / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser demersal; ozeanodrom (Ref. 51243); tiefenbereich 6 - 30 m (Ref. 57178). Temperate; 80°N - 37°N, 25°W - 36°E
Northeast Atlantic: Murman and Spitzbergen to Portugal, including Iceland and much of the Baltic.
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 13.0, range 11 - 15 cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 4674); common length : 20.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 4645)
Tip of pectoral fin reaches the front end of the dorsal fin. Dark spot on each side of the snout. Two pointed teeth in the palate. Upper jaw not protractile (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Inshore, including the inter-tidal zone and estuaries, and offshore to about 60 m depth. Commonly associated with Ammodytes species. Feeds initially on zooplankton, later small fish (clupeids and ammodytids) dominate the diet. Summer batch spawner. Used mainly for fishmeal and oil, but also utilized fresh and pan-fried for human consumption (Ref. 9988).
Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1974. Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: hoch kommerziell; Köder: occasionally
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
Download XML
Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.8 - 12.8, mean 10.3 °C (based on 476 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00324 (0.00174 - 0.00601), b=3.00 (2.84 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (tm=2; Fec=35,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 50.7 [28.6, 103.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.402 [0.237, 0.669] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.2, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.405 [0.217, 0.718] g/100g; Selenium = 10.1 [4.9, 20.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [7.0, 60.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.594 [0.420, 0.824] mg/100g (wet weight);
