Issue
This species was not reported since the 19th century in the Mediterranean Sea. An award will be granted by the CIESM to any documented, reliable / verifiable evidence (published paper / Ph.D thesis / photo) reporting the species after that date (Ref. 116564).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 25 - ? m (Ref. 114953). 亞熱帶的; 35°N - 40°S, 120°W - 160°E (Ref. 114953)
Circumglobally in tropical and subtropical waters, entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses (Ref. 81284, 81624). Western Atlantic: Florida and Louisiana, USA to Brazil (Ref. 7251); eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Angola, including the western Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 4429; no report since the 19th century [Ref. 116564] ); western Pacific: northern Australia, from western Australia to Queensland (Ref. 7300); eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Ecuador (Ref. 4429). In freshwater it can be found in rivers of West Africa (Ref. 81284), Ogowe River (Ref. 81284) and the Congo River estuary (Ref. 377, 81284).
西太平洋: 澳洲北部, 從澳洲西部到昆士蘭省.(參考文獻 7300) 東太平洋: 加州灣到厄瓜多。 西大西洋: 佛羅里達與美國路易斯安那州到巴西.(參考文獻 7251) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉, 包括地中海西部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 300.0, range 300 - 300 cm
Max length : 750 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 57708); common length : 250 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4429); 最大年龄: 30 年 (Ref. 57533)
Diagnosis: Rostral blade with 20 or fewer pairs of rostral spines (Ref. 81624).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
A euryhaline species (Ref. 57533). Inhabits inshore coastal waters to moderate depth, also around off lying islands. Found also in estuaries, lagoons, river mouths, and even freshwater. Feeds on fishes and bottom-living animals. Ovoviviparous. Apparently can reproduce in freshwater (Ref. 57533). Freshwater populations occur to about 750 km up Amazon River; populations in Lake Nicaragua may be non-migratory (Ref. 7251). Reaches sexual maturity at 8-10 years and females have litters of approximately 1-13 pups. Young spend much of their early life in rivers up to 400 km from the sea (Ref. 114953).
栖息于近海沿岸水域到中等深度, 也外海的横卧岛周围。 也发现于河口，泻湖，河口了, 甚至淡水。 吃鱼与底栖生物动物。 卵胎生的。 淡水的族群出现到大约 750个公里上游亚马逊河; 在湖尼加拉瓜的族群可能是非回游性。 (参考文献 7251)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449).西太平洋: 澳洲北部, 從澳洲西部到昆士蘭省.(參考文獻 7300) 東太平洋: 加州灣到厄瓜多。 西大西洋: 佛羅里達與美國路易斯安那州到巴西.(參考文獻 7251) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉, 包括地中海西部。
Stehmann, M., 1990. Pristidae. p. 51-54. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4429)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
极度濒危 (CR) (A2cd); Date assessed: 02 February 2022
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (参考文献
123201): 20.1 - 29.1, mean 27.8 °C (based on 1796 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5234 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00195 - 0.01230), b=3.05 (2.83 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 4.0 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=44; Fec=1-20;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.73 [1.69, 40.68] mg/100g; Iron = 0.523 [0.130, 1.505] mg/100g; Protein = 20.3 [18.1, 22.3] %; Omega3 = 0.173 [0.070, 0.432] g/100g; Selenium = 37 [10, 113] μg/100g; VitaminA = 2.11 [0.72, 6.06] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.367 [0.179, 0.703] mg/100g (wet weight);
