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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Protonibea: Greek, protos = the first + see under Nibea.
More on author: Lacepède.
Taxonomic Remarks
Type species of genus.
Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bottenlevande; djupintervall 5 - 100 m (Ref. 43239). Tropical; 40°N - 28°S, 47°E - 154°E
Indo-West Pacific: west coast of the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka, north to Japan and south through the Philippines and Borneo to New Guinea and northern Australia.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm ?, range 85 - ? cm
Max length : 165.0 cm TL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9772); publicerad maxvikt: 0.00 g; rapporterad maxålder: 8 år (Ref. 72458)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 10 - 11; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 22 - 25; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 2; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 7. 7-8 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found in coastal waters over muddy bottoms, off the sea-bed. Ascend tidal rivers and estuaries (Ref. 9772). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Also caught with bottom trawls (Ref. 9772). Sold fresh and dried salted (swim bladder) in markets. An important food fish. Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 118911).
Livscykel och parningsbeteende
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver
Lal Mohan, R.S., 1984. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3490)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Internet-källor
Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1838 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00553 - 0.01250), b=3.06 (2.94 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.29-0.52; tmax=8).
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.5 [14.2, 156.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.578 [0.238, 1.642] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.3, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.206 [0.112, 0.346] g/100g; Selenium = 84.9 [44.5, 168.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.38 [2.40, 34.23] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.405, 1.471] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.