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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / गहराई सीमा / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री ड़िमरसल; गहराई सीमा 20 - 200 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical; 43°N - 36°S, 19°W - 56°E (Ref. 56870)
Eastern Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: western Mediterranean and Gibraltar (Ref. 3593) to the Cape and along the east coast of Africa to the Persian Gulf. Not yet recorded from Namibia but may eventually be found there (Ref. 27121).
आकार / वज़न / Age
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 11228); common length : 50.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3490)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 11; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 23 - 26; गुदा कांटा: 2; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 7. Juveniles brown with narrow oblique wavy stripes, becoming obscure with age (Ref. 4373).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Coastal species (Ref. 27000). Inhabits rocky and sandy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles may occur in littoral areas. Feeds on shrimps, worms and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh (Ref. 3490).
Life cycle and mating behavior
परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
साधन
Special reports
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (संदर्भ
123201): 13.7 - 25.8, mean 17.3 °C (based on 233 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00560 - 0.01485), b=3.08 (2.94 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (संदर्भ
69278): 3.4 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 54 [30, 110] mg/100g; Iron = 0.976 [0.488, 1.737] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.6, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.322 [0.192, 0.523] g/100g; Selenium = 41.6 [22.4, 81.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.95 [1.99, 20.02] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.574 [0.405, 0.843] mg/100g (wet weight);
