Environment: milieu / climate zone / rango de profundidad / distribution range
Ecología
marino bentopelágico; rango de profundidad 0 - 200 m (Ref. 3688), usually 15 - 50 m (Ref. 54220). Subtropical; 56°N - 12°N, 23°W - 42°E (Ref. 54220)
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Cape Blanc, Mauritania; (exceptionally further south) Senegal and around the Canary Islands and Madeira. Common south of 40°N (Spain, North Africa) in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4781).
Length at first maturity / Tamaño / Peso / Age
Madurez: Lm 34.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 3397); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 3688); peso máximo publicado: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
Short description
Claves de identificación | Morfología | Morfometría
Espinas dorsales (total) : 11; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 11 - 12; Espinas anales: 3; Radios blandos anales: 7 - 9. Body oval and compressed. Canine teeth, with 4 to 6 anterior teeth very developed in each jaw.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Inhabit hard bottoms (rock or rubble) down to 200 m depth. Usually found in shallow water less than 50 m deep (Ref. 9987). Adults solitary; young gregarious (Ref. 12482). Young fish caught with traps. Feed on fish, mollusks and cephalopods. Important food fish. Marketed fresh or frozen (Ref. 9987). Some attempts to culture this species have been successful. Due to low market supply, the potential for selling these fish from aquaculture operations seems to be good (Ref. 9987). A spear-fisherman cites a specimen caught in Greece (Corfu) with an overnight bottom-line about 1.60 m and 42 kg (Ref. 48271), but the identification cannot be verified.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva
Gonochoric, but some specimens are hermaphroditic. Species of separated sexes (although some individuals may be hermaphrodite in young stages). In the Mediterranean, reproduction takes place between March and May, in areas near the coast. Embryo development lasts about 3 days at 17°C.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesquerías: comercial; Acuicultura: comercial; pesca deportiva: si
Herramientas
Special reports
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Fuentes de Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Referencia
123201): 13.3 - 21.1, mean 18.1 °C (based on 298 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Referencia
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00952 - 0.01322), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia
69278): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliencia (Referencia
120179): Bajo, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 4.5-14 años (K=0.1; tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.39, 95% CL = 0.26 - 0.58, Based on 9 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 30.5 [16.1, 58.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.656 [0.354, 1.189] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.267, 0.640] g/100g; Selenium = 37.2 [16.4, 73.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.4 [4.0, 56.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.558 [0.381, 0.828] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
