Entorno: milieu / zona climática / rango de profundidad / gama de distribución
Ecología
marino; salobre demersal; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); rango de profundidad 10 - ? m. Subtropical; 46°N - 51°S
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Ref. 7251) to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles (uncommon), and the southern Caribbean coast; also from the Orinoco delta to Argentina.
Longitud en la primera madurez / Tamaño / Peso / Edad
Madurez: Lm 64.5, range 63 - ? cm
Max length : 170 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 7251); common length : 50.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 3702); peso máximo publicado: 51.3 kg (Ref. 4699); edad máxima reportada: 43 años (Ref. 7188)
Espinas dorsales (total) : 11; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 19 - 22; Espinas anales: 2; Radios blandos anales: 5 - 7. Silvery grey to very dark, young with 4 or 5 black vertical bars on sides, disappearing with growth; pelvic and anal fins usually dark. Chin with 5 pores and 10 to 13 pairs of small barbels along median edges of lower jaws and subopercles, increasing in length posteriorly. Gas bladder with numerous lateral appendages interconnected in a complicated pattern in adult. Sagitta semicircular and moderately thin (Ref 51721).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found usually over sand and sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters, especially in areas with large river runoffs. Juveniles often enter estuaries. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and fishes.
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Situación en la Lista Roja de la UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Amenaza para el ser humano
Harmless
Usos humanos
Pesquerías: comercial; pesca deportiva: si; Acuario: Acuarios públicos
Herramientas
Informes especiales
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Fuentes de Internet
Estimaciones basadas en modelos
Temperatura preferida (Referencia
123201): 10.8 - 27.6, mean 23.5 °C (based on 326 cells).
Índice de diversidad filogenética (Referencia
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00776 - 0.00934), b=3.07 (3.04 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia
69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliencia (Referencia
120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (K=0.17; tm=3-5; tmax=43).
Vulnerabilidad pesquera (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Vulnerabilidad climática (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
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Nutrientes (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.1 [22.4, 72.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.803 [0.422, 1.361] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.0, 21.7] %; Omega3 = 0.289 [0.175, 0.459] g/100g; Selenium = 37.5 [20.9, 71.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.98 [1.88, 15.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.611 [0.443, 0.888] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.