Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 75 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 36880); 41°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to the Antilles and Brazil.
Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 122735); common length : 15.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 99.40 g (Ref. 122735)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 74 - 84; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 52 - 63.
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Occurs in shallow muddy bottoms from the coastline to 75 m depth; also in brackish estuaries and hypersaline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Inhabit mainly coastal waters and tidelands, but abundant in waters very near the sea to a few meters elevation with wholly freshwater ichthyofauna (Ref. 36880). Feeds mainly on zooplankton and zoobenthos (Ref. 13196). Taken with beach nets (Ref. 5217).
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Oviparous (Ref. 101737). Females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period (Ref. 101737).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 608 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00488 - 0.00711), b=3.14 (3.09 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 3.6 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (K=0.42; Fec=6,009 (batch fecundity)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
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