Issue
A more detailed taxonomic review of the Eastern versus Western Atlantic M. hypostoma populations is needed to elucidate whether there are population-level differences, or if those differences simply reflect the low sample size available.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) pelagic-neritic; εύρος βάθους 0 - 100 m (Ref. 106604). Tropical; 41°N - 40°S, 80°W - 29°W
Western and eastern Atlantic.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 230 cm WD αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 126011); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 115.9 kg (Ref. 126011)
Cephalic fins smaller, tail longer without spine (Ref. 7251). Upper surface black (Ref. 6902).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans but may take small schooling fishes (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Found singly, in small groups, and in schools (Ref. 12951). Swimming at high speed and often leap high above the surface (Ref. 6902). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, but also on small schooling fishes (Ref. 114953). Meat used for food and a source of oil (Ref. 6902).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Copulation has been observed to be in a venter to venter position while the pair swims at the surface. Mating reported to last 10 minutes. Litter number 1 (Ref. 12951).
White, W.T., S. Corrigan, L. Yang, A.C. Henderson, A.L. Bazinet, D.L. Swofford and G.J.P. Naylor, 2018. Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family. Zool. J. of the Linn. Soc., 20:1-26; figs. (Ref. 115945)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 13.7 - 27.7, mean 23.2 °C (based on 232 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Πολύ χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού > 14 έτη (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).
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