Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); κατάδρομος (Ref. 46888); εύρος βάθους 2 - 15 m (Ref. 130217). Subtropical; 65°N - 12°N, 24°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Scandinavia and Iceland (Ref. 4537) south to Senegal and Cape Verde. Also Mediterranean Sea; southwestern Black Sea (Ref. 2058).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm 29.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 35388); common length : 32.0 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 7399); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 4.5 kg (Ref. 35388); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 25 έτη (Ref. 35388)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 5; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 7 - 9; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 8 - 9.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Adults are found inshore in schools, frequently entering brackish lagoons and freshwater (Ref. 30578). They migrate occasionally tending to move northward in summer-time as temperatures rise. Females are larger than males (Ref. 59043). Adults feed mainly on benthic diatoms, epiphytic algae, small invertebrates and detritus (Ref. 2804), juveniles only feed on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Reproduction occurs in the sea during winter (Ref. 30578). Eggs and larvae pelagic. Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 4645).
Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in April-June and return to sea in summer (Ref. 59043).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; Ενυδρείο: Δημόσια ενυδρεία
Εργαλεία
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 8.8 - 20.1, mean 11 °C (based on 420 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00561 - 0.00935), b=3.11 (3.03 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 2.6 ±0.32 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.12-0.3; tm=3; tmax=25).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.2 [10.7, 335.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.623 [0.303, 1.151] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.5, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.399 [0.166, 0.964] g/100g; Selenium = 9.58 [3.60, 24.88] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.52 [2.12, 24.93] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.571 [0.342, 0.951] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
