分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); niloticus: From "Filhoa" = the Amharic word for "hot spring" (Ref. 2).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 20 m (Ref. 32849), usually ? - 20 m (Ref. 34290). 熱帶; 14°C - 33°C (Ref. 3); 32°N - 5°S, 17°W - 38°E
Africa: naturally occurring in coastal rivers of Israel (Ref. 5166), Nile basin (including lake Albert, Edward and Tana), Jebel Marra, Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, Awash River, various Ethiopian lakes, Omo River system, Lake Turkana, Suguta River and Lake Baringo (Ref. 2). In West Africa natural distribution covers the basins of the Senegal, Gambia, Volta, Niger, Benue and Chad, with introduced specimens reported from various coastal basins (Ref. 53405). Widely introduced for aquaculture, with many existing strains. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. The following subspecies were previously recognized: Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis, Oreochromis niloticus cancellatus, Oreochromis niloticus eduardianus, Oreochromis niloticus filoa, Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus sugutae, Oreochromis niloticus tana and Oreochromis niloticus vulcani.
非洲: 以色列的沿海的河川; 尼羅河從下方艾伯特湖尼羅河到三角州; Jebel Marra; 查德湖流域與河尼日，貝努埃河，佛塔河，甘比亞與塞內加爾。 對於水產業廣泛地引入, 有許多現有的緊張。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 18.6, range 6 - 28 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967); 最大體重: 4.3 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 9 年 (Ref. 164)
背棘 (總數): 15 - 18; 背的軟條 (總數): 11-13; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 11; 脊椎骨: 30 - 32. Diagnosis: A large deep-bodied tilapia, with a relatively small head (Ref. 118638). Jaws of mature male not greatly enlarged, length of lower jaw 29-37% of head length; genital papilla of breeding male not tassellated (Ref. 2). Body depth 36-50% of SL (Ref. 28714). Most distinguishing characteristic is the presence, at all life stages, of regular vertical stripes throughout depth of caudal fin (Ref. 4967, 53405, 118638). In smaller fishes, these are relatively wide and form an arc, and start at the base of the caudal fin (Ref. 118638). Males are bluish pink, sometimes with a dark throat, belly, anal and pelvic fins; females are usually brownish, silvery/white beneath with around 10 thin vertical bars (Ref. 118638).
繁殖期的雄魚的生殖乳突沒有方格斑紋。 成熟雄魚的顎不明顯增大 (下頜 29-37% 的頭長長度) 。 此魚種的最顯著特性是那在尾鰭的深度各處有規則的垂直斑紋.(參考文獻 4967) 背鰭的邊緣灰色或黑色的。 在尾鰭 7-12 中的縱帶.
Occurs in a wide variety of freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, sewage canals and irrigation channels (Ref. 28714). Does not do well in pure salt water, but is able to survive in brackish water (Ref. 52307). Mainly diurnal. Feeds mainly on phytoplankton or benthic algae. Additionally, insect larvae are of some importance, as are aufwuchs and detritus; juveniles tend to be more omnivorous than adults (Ref. 52307). Oviparous (Ref. 205), ovophilic (Ref. 52307). A maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 2, 28714, 52307, 118638), males dig simple pits in shallow water (Ref. 118638). May mature early (about 11 cm TL females, 14 cm TL males) (Ref. 28714). Globally, the most important tilapia species in fish farming and supports major capture fisheries where established; generally highly invasive and known to hybridise with many other Oreochromis species and for this reason further stocking has been banned in a number of countries, e.g. South Africa, Malawi and Zambia (Ref. 118638). Extended temperature range 8-42 °C, natural temperature range 13.5 - 33 °C (Ref. 3). Maximum depth from Ref. 34290. Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987).
出現於各式各樣的淡水像河，湖，髒水管與灌溉峽道的棲息地。 (參考文獻 28714) 主要日行性。 主要吃浮游植物或水底的藻類。 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 卵生的.(參考文獻 205) 雌性的口孵.(參考文獻 000002)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Sexual maturity is reached at 3-6 months depending on temperature, reaching about 30 g. Reproduction occurs only when temperatures are over 20°C. Several yearly spawnings every 30 days. Females incubate eggs inside their mouths (approximately for a week) where larvae hatch and remain until the vitellus is reabsorved. Egg size 1.5 mm, larval length at hatching 4 mm.
Spawns in firm sand in water from 0.6 to 2 m deep of lakes (Ref. 2) and inshore waters (Ref. 55624). Males set up and defend territory which are visited by the females. Courtship lasts several hours. A single male probably fertilises the eggs of more than one female (Ref. 55624). Eggs are shed in batches in shallow nest and fertilized by male. Each batch of eggs is picked up into oral cavity by female. Females solely involved in broodcare. Female carries up to 200 eggs in her mouth where the larvae hatch and remain until after the yolk-sac is absorbed.非洲: 以色列的沿海的河川; 尼羅河從下方艾伯特湖尼羅河到三角州; Jebel Marra; 查德湖流域與河尼日，貝努埃河，佛塔河，甘比亞與塞內加爾。 對於水產業廣泛地引入, 有許多現有的緊張。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01905 (0.01589 - 0.02285), b=2.97 (2.93 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.9 (2.2 - 3.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 26
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.14-0.41; tm=1-2; tmax=9; Fec < 1,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.6 [5.6, 397.5] mg/100g; Iron = 3.21 [1.27, 7.98] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.8, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.144 [0.021, 1.033] g/100g; Selenium = 279 [33, 2,176] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0.877 [0.050, 12.397] μg/100g; Zinc = 5.76 [1.85, 10.72] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
