分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 ? - 100 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 36°N - 30°S, 32°E - 174°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and the East Africa to Palau and New Caledonia, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands (Ref. 559, 26066), south to Australia. Recently reported from Tonga (Ref. 53797).
印度-西太平洋: 紅海與東非到帛琉與新加勒多尼亞, 北至琉球與小笠原群島 (參考文獻 559,26066), 南至澳洲。 最近記錄自東加。 (參考文獻 53797)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3678); common length : 90.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大體重: 18.0 kg (Ref. 3287)
背棘 (總數) : 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 25 - 30; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 21 - 26; 脊椎骨: 24. This species is distinguished by having the following characters: body subovate and compressed, becoming elongate-ovate and slightly subcylindrical with age; profile of head and nape slightly angular becoming more steep with age; mouth cleft of adults distinctly below level of eye; D1 VIII, D2 I,25-30, lobe of second dorsal fin shorter than head length; A II (2 detached spines) + I, 21-26 (rarely 25 or 26); gill rakers (including rudiments) 6-8 + 17-21 = 22-27; vertebrae 10 + 14; straight part of lateral line with 18-27 scales followed by 15-21 small scutes; breast naked ventrally to distinctly behind origin of pelvic fins; breast squamation variable laterally, either separated from naked base of pectoral fins by a moderate to very narrow band of scales or naked area of breast uninterrupted to naked base of pectoral fins; colour of adults iridescent blue-green above, silvery below; with numerous small gold or brassy spots mainly on dorsal half; large adult with 3 (to 5) irregular black blotches on flanks (sometimes very indistinct or absent, the first below dorsal-fin lobe, the second at inflection point of lateral line, and the third slightly anterior to midpoint of straight part of lateral line (Ref. 9894, 90102).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
藍綠色的上方, 下面銀色的; 在側邊上有黃銅色的斑點; 大的標本有 3個黑色的斑塊在側面上形成一列.(參考文獻 3197) LL 有 15-21個鱗甲。
Adults prefer rocky and coral reef areas, but also found on offshore banks (Ref. 30573). They occur singly or in small to large schools (Ref. 9710, 48635, 90102). They feed on small invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 5213).
偏愛岩石的與珊瑚礁區域, 也發現於近海淺堆.(參考文獻 30573) 各別地 (參考文獻 48635) 或在大群魚群中發現。 (參考文獻 9710) 吃小型無脊椎動物與魚。 (參考文獻 5213)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 紅海與東非到帛琉與新加勒多尼亞, 北至琉球與小笠原群島 (參考文獻 559,26066), 南至澳洲。 最近記錄自東加。 (參考文獻 53797)
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 March 2015
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 23.3 - 29.1, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2214 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.00980 - 0.02339), b=2.90 (2.78 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (80 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (89 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.5 [10.9, 34.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.933 [0.428, 1.823] mg/100g; Protein = 20.4 [17.8, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.158 [0.094, 0.266] g/100g; Selenium = 12.9 [6.3, 25.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 42.1 [7.5, 259.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.536 [0.287, 1.204] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
