分类 / 名称
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
环境:氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 pelagic-neritic; 降海洄游 (Ref. 138280); 深度上下限 10 - 20 m (Ref. 7399). 溫帶; 64°N - 20°N, 26°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Bay of Biscay, Western Africa and offshore islands including the Canaries, Azores and Madeira; the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Introduced to the Caspian Sea.
東大西洋: 到維德角的蘇格蘭; 在地中海與黑海。 也在來自南方的挪威到摩洛哥的沿岸水域中, 稀有的茅利塔尼亞外海到.(參考文獻 3573) 阿克拉的記錄從潟湖是可能是誤鑑。
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 34.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm FL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 117745); common length : 30.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7399); 最大体重: 2.5 kg (Ref. 117745)
背棘 (总数) : 5; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3. Longer pectoral fins, lack of black spot at the pectoral fin base. Golden spot present in gill cover (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
较长的胸鳍, 在胸鳍基底没有黑色的斑点。 金的斑点出现在鳃盖。 (参考文献 35388)
Adults are neritic usually in schools, entering lagoons and lower estuaries (Ref. 7399); rarely entering freshwater (Ref. 3573, 59043). Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043). They feed on small benthic organisms, detritus, and occasionally on insects and plankton (Ref. 2804). Juveniles feed only on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Reproduction takes place in the sea, from July to November. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Minimum size allowed for fishing is 20 cm. The quality of the flesh is variable (Ref. 30578).
浅海的, 进入泻湖与下游河口.(参考文献 7399) 很少进入淡水。 (参考文献 3573) 吃小型底栖的生物,碎屑, 与偶然地在昆虫与浮游生物上.(参考文献 2804) 繁殖发生于海洋, 从七月到十一月。 最小量大小考虑到钓鱼是 20 公分了。 肉的品质是可变的。 (参考文献 30578)
Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043).東大西洋: 到維德角的蘇格蘭; 在地中海與黑海。 也在來自南方的挪威到摩洛哥的沿岸水域中, 稀有的茅利塔尼亞外海到.(參考文獻 3573) 阿克拉的記錄從潟湖是可能是誤鑑。
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
临近濒危 (NT) (A2cd+4cd); Date assessed: 07 June 2022
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性
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特别资料
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基于模型的估算
首选温度 (参考文献
123201): 9.7 - 20.7, mean 11.9 °C (based on 344 cells).
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00857 - 0.01221), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 2.8 ±0.33 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.5 (3.7 - 6.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31
growth studies.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.14-0.34; tm=3-4; tmax=8; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.77, 95% CL = 0.51 - 1.16, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
渔业脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
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气候脆弱性 (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
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营养素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.9 [5.1, 136.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.255 [0.151, 0.421] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.9, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 1.21 [0.47, 3.11] g/100g; Selenium = 2.88 [1.17, 7.25] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.9 [3.4, 52.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.478 [0.334, 0.670] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.