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Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758

Swordfish
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Xiphias gladius   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Australia country information

Common names: Broadbill, Broadbill swordfish, Swordfish
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Broadbill swordfish inhabit all Australian waters beyond the edge of the continental shelf (Ref. 6390). Stock structure: There is little information on stock structure of broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean although 2 hypotheses are currently proposed. The first identifies a single stock which is distributed throughout the Pacific but has local areas of high abundance. The second proposes 3 stocks based on the regional centres of high abundance in the north-western, south-western and eastern Pacific (Ref. 30449). There is no information on stock structure in Indian Ocean broadbill swordfish. Commercial fishery: Broadbill swordfish do not represent a commercial fishery for Australian fishers. They are significant bycatch of pelagic longlining in the East Coast Tuna Fishery but are not normally targeted because of difficulties in marketing the species. The main target species of the longline fishery are yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (). About 90 t of broadbill swordfish were caught by domestic tuna longline vessels in 1989-90. Most of the catch was taken from the Tasman Sea in waters off southern New South Wales and eastern Victoria. Fishing trials have shown that broadbill swordfish can be targeted at night by using squid baits set at shallow depths. The attachment of ‘lightsticks’ to the baits is reported to significantly increase the catch rate of broadbill swordfish. Most of the broadbill swordfish caught off the east coast weigh less than 100 kg. They are headed and gutted on board the fishing vessel and sold as fresh chilled product on the domestic fresh fish market. Broadbill swordfish are popular amongst Sydney consumers but health regulations have caused a reduction in supply in recent years. Broadbill swordfish sold in New South Wales must be individually tested for mercury content. The larger fish are likely to exceed the limit, which is lower than the amount specified for other States. Much of the broadbill swordfish landed is therefore sold through Brisbane and Melbourne markets. The Japanese longline fleet catches large numbers of broadbill swordfish throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans. Japanese longline vessels have operated near the eastern and western coasts of Australia since the 1950s. These vessels are normally between 35 m and 45 m in length and set approximately 3000 hooks per day on mainlines which are 70-110 km long. Within the Australian Fishing Zone the most productive areas are in the east, off southern Queensland and surrounding Lord Howe Island. Significant catches are also taken south of Norfolk Island, in the Coral Sea off north Queensland and off north-western Australia. Catches from north-eastern and north-western waters are mainly bycatch of vessels fishing for yellowfin tuna. Significant catches of broadbill swordfish are also recorded by Japanese longliners targeting bigeye tuna off south-western Australia from October to April each year. As at 1993, the annual Japanese catch of broadbill swordfish from the Australian Fishing Zone normally ranged between 700 t and 1000 t. Recreational fishery: Broadbill swordfish are popular sport and gamefish in the eastern Pacific Ocean, particularly off California, Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile (Ref. 9742). In these areas basking broadbill swordfish are targeted using trolled whole fish or flesh baits. For many years, rare catches of small broadbill swordfish have been reported by anglers in Australian waters. However, it was not until June 1989 that a broadbill swordfish was landed that qualified for record status under international game fishing regulations. A number of fish weighing in excess of 50 kg have since been caught from southern New South Wales waters. The Game Fishing Association of Australia’s record for a broadbill swordfish is 106 kg for a fish caught off Eden in May 1991. The larger fish landed by anglers in Australia have all been caught on baits drifted at night near the edge of the continental shelf. Resource status: Stock assessments based on Japanese longline catch rates indicate that Pacific stocks of broadbill swordfish are not over-exploited (Ref. 30449). However, the data used for these assessments are incomplete for the period since 1980. Also Ref. 2334.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Espadon, Pez espada, Меч-рыба, ... more

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Carangiformes (Jacks) 鱸形目 (Jacks) > Xiphiidae (Swordfish) 劍魚科 (Swordfish)
Etymology: Xiphias: Greek, xiphos = sword (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 2878 m (Ref. 116993), usually 0 - 550 m (Ref. 54934).   溫帶; 5°C - 27°C (Ref. 43); 69°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54934)

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: tropical and temperate and sometimes cold waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Highly migratory species. Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784).
大西洋，印度洋與太平洋: 熱帶與溫帶與有時寒冷的水域, 包括地中海，馬爾馬拉海，黑海, 與亞速海。 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139) Mt DNA 限制分析揭露遺傳的區別在棲息於地中海的族群與熱帶大西洋的族群之間出現, 指出出現在兩者之間的小的遺傳交換。 (參考文獻 12784)

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm 212.0, range 156 - 250 cm
Max length : 455 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 300 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9354); 最大體重: 650.0 kg (Ref. 4689)

簡短描述 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 38-56; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 16 - 18. Blackish-brown fading to light-brown below; 1st dorsal fin with blackish-brown membrane, other fins brown or blackish-brown (Ref. 43). A long, flat, sword-like bill and no pelvic fins (Ref. 26938).
暗褐色的下面被褪成的淡褐色; 第一背鰭有暗褐色的薄膜，其他的鰭褐色或暗褐色的.(參考文獻 43) 一個長的﹐平坦的﹐和像劍一樣的嘴與沒有腹鰭.(參考文獻 26938)

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Oceanic but sometimes found in coastal waters (Ref. 9354). Generally above the thermocline (Ref. 9354), preferring temperatures of 18°C to 22°C (Ref. 9987). Larvae are frequently encountered at temperatures above 24 °C (Ref. 9702). Migrate toward temperate or cold waters in the summer and back to warm waters in the fall. Adults are opportunistic feeders, known to forage for their food from the surface to the bottom over a wide depth range (Ref. 9702). Feed mainly on fishes (Atlantic mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, redfish, herring and lanternfishes (Ref. 5951); also on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 9354). They use their sword to kill their prey (Ref. 9354). Large individuals may accumulate large percentages of mercury in its flesh (Ref. 9354). Are batch spawners (Ref. 51846). Spawning takes place in Atlantic during spring in southern Sargasso Sea. Migrate to cooler waters to feed (Ref. 4689). Females grow fastest. Determination of age is difficult since the otoliths are very small and scales are missing in adults. Year rings have been successfully counted on cross sections of the fin rays (Ref. 35388). Pelagic eggs measure 1.6-1.8mm and the newly hatched larvae is 4 mm long. Sword is well developed at a length of 10mm and young live pelagically in the upper water layers where they quickly develop into very voracious predators (Ref. 35388). Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784). Good food fish, marketed fresh or frozen, and can be made into sashimi, teriyaki or fillets (Ref. 9354).

大洋性的但是有時發現於沿岸水域.(參考文獻 9354) 通常在溫水層 (參考文獻 9354) 之上, 喜歡 18 °C 的溫度勝過 22 °C.(參考文獻 9987) 仔魚時常在 24 °C 上面的溫度被見到。 (參考文獻 9702) 向溫帶或者寒冷水域迴游夏天時而且游回溫暖的水域秋天時。 成魚是在一個寬的深度範圍之上被知道到從水表到底部搜尋食物的隨機捕食者。 (參考文獻 9702) 主要捕食魚 (大西洋的鯖，梭魚，銀色的鱈魚，雄鮭, 鯡魚與燈籠魚 (參考文獻 5951)) 也捕食甲殼動物與烏賊.(參考文獻 9354) 他們使用他們的劍殺他們的獵物。 (參考文獻 9354) 大的個體可能在它的肉累積高百分比的汞。 (參考文獻 9354) 分批產卵者是.(參考文獻 51846) 產卵發生於大西洋春天時在藻海南部中。 雌性生長得最快速。 由於耳石是非常小而成魚的鱗片消失，年齡的鑑定很困難。 年輪曾經在鰭條的橫切面上成功計算出來.(參考文獻 35388) 大洋性的卵尺寸 1.6-1.8 mm 與最近孵化的仔魚是 4 mm 長。 劍是發展良好的，在體長 10 mm 與幼魚大洋性地住在上層水域在那裡它們很快地發展成非常狼吞虎嚥的掠食者.(參考文獻 35388) Mt DNA 限制分析揭露遺傳的區別在棲息於地中海的族群與熱帶大西洋的族群之間出現, 指出出現在兩者之間的小的遺傳交換。 (參考文獻 12784) 好食用魚, 生鮮或冷凍地在市場上銷售, 而且能被製成生魚片，串烤或魚排.(參考文獻 9354)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

In the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs in the upper water layer at depths between 0 and 75 m, at temperatures around 23°C, and salinity of 33.8 to 37.4 ppt. The distribution of larval broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean indicates that spawning occurs mainly in waters with a temperature of 24°C or more. Spawning appears to occur in all seasons in equatorial waters, but is restricted to spring and summer at higher latitudes (Ref. 30448). Fertilisation in broadbill swordfish is external and pairing of solitary males and females is thought to occur when spawning (Ref. 9742). Broadbill swordfish are reported to spawn in the upper layers of the water column, from the surface to a depth of 75 m (Ref. 43). Estimates of egg numbers vary considerably, from 1 million to 16 million in 168,000 g female (Ref. 9742) and 29 million in a 272,000 g female (Ref. 30372).大西洋，印度洋與太平洋: 熱帶與溫帶與有時寒冷的水域, 包括地中海，馬爾馬拉海，黑海, 與亞速海。 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139) Mt DNA 限制分析揭露遺傳的區別在棲息於地中海的族群與熱帶大西洋的族群之間出現, 指出出現在兩者之間的小的遺傳交換。 (參考文獻 12784)

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Nakamura, I., 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  近危 (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 01 May 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 10.9 - 27.6, mean 22.7 (based on 5276 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00160 - 0.00904), b=3.14 (2.92 - 3.36), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  4.5   ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (rm=0.076; K=0.23; tm=5-6; tmax=9).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 8 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Very high.