Circumglobal. Eastern Atlantic: Scotland (rare in North Sea) to Morocco, whole of Mediterranean, but not Black Sea; Cap Blanc in Mauritania to Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé Island; Walvis Bay, Namibia to Mossel Bay, South Africa (Ref. 5578). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada south to Brazil (Ref. 26340). Eastern Indian Ocean: Australia (Ref. 114953). Southwest Pacific: New Zealand (Ref. 114953). 東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥,地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 180 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2803); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大體重: 90.0 kg (Ref. 7251)
Large ray with a huge, paddle-shaped caudal fin and with no papillae around spiracles. Shiny black or dark grey above, underside white (Ref. 5578). Broad subcircular disc, short snout anterior to the eyes. Smooth skin, short thick tail (Ref. 6902). Dark chocolate to purplish brown above, without spots, white below, but with edges of disc and pelvic fins of same hue as upper surface, tail with irregular dark margins (Ref. 6902). 大型魟魚具有一個極大又槳狀的尾鰭而且呼吸孔的周圍沒有乳突。 背面亮黑色或暗灰色的, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 5578) 寬的子圓形的體盤 , 短吻位於眼前。 平滑的皮膚, 短的厚尾部.(參考文獻 6902) 深褐色對紫褐色的上方, 沒有斑點, 腹面白色的, 但是有體盤與腹鰭的邊緣顏色與上表皮相同, 尾部有不規則的黑邊.(參考文獻 6902)
Juveniles benthic over soft bottoms or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951) from 10-150 m; adults are semi-pelagic to pelagic, swimming in the water column and have been reported to migrate over long distances (Ref. 2803). Found on insular slopes to at least 925 m depth (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on pelagic and benthic bony fishes and small sharks (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of up to 60 pups. In South Pacific region, males reaches maturity at ca. 60 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Packs a powerful electric shock of up to 220 volts (Ref. 9710).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With up to 60 in a litter. Gestation period one year (Ref. 12951). Size at birth about 23 cm (Ref. 12951).東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥,地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)
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