Spain country information

Common names: Arraizabala, Bastina rajada, Bramante
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found in Galicia (Ref. 86578). Recorded from the Balearic Islands (Ref. 26178).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database: ICTIMED

Common names from other countries

Raie bouclée, Raya de clavos, Лисица морская (=скат колючий), ... more

رده بندی / Names اسامي عام | مترادف | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) > Rajiformes (Skates and rays) > Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range بوم شناسي

دريايي نزديك كف زي; تغييرات عمق 5 - 1020 m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 70°N - 38°S, 25°W - 50°E

پراكنش كشورها | مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO) | Ecosystems | ظهور | Point map | معرفي | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean: Iceland to Madagascar, including the Mediterranean Sea.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن

Maturity: L_m 76.6, range 47 - 87.5 cm
Max length : 105 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 53748); 139.0 cm TL (female); common length : 85.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 9987); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 15 سال ها (Ref. 41305)

توصيف مختصر كليدهاي شناسايي | ريخت شناسي | ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري

خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0. Sub-rhomboid in shape with pointed wing-tips; disc-width 1,25 to 1,36 times in its length, its length 1,70 to 1,83 times in total length. Short rostrum, rounded at his extremity; pectoral fins with clear angles on lateral side; triangular pelvic fins (Ref. 39246). Dorsally prickly; large females also prickly throughout their ventral surface; juveniles and large males prickly along the margins of their discs and the underside of their snout. 30-50 thorns form a median row from the nape to the first dorsal fin; additional large 'buckler' thorns with swollen bases scattered on upper surface of disc in adults (Ref. 3167). Coloration is highly variable, with the dorsal surface having all shades of brown with dark and light spots and blotches; ventral surface white (Ref. 3167, 58137).

Inhabits shelf and upper slope waters. Reported depth ranges varies, from 10-300 m (Ref. 4426, 82319, 88187), and from 300-577 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504); most common in coastal waters between 10-60 m depth (Ref. 58137). Tolerates low salinities (Ref. 88171). Found on mud, sand and gravel bottoms, rarely on rougher bottoms (Ref. 6808, 58137). Nocturnal species. Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals, preferably crustaceans (Ref. 3167) and fishes (Ref. 114953). Undertakes migrations with mean distances of 54-117 km per month; shows a clear annual migration cycle (Ref. 89017, 89018), moves from deeper offshore waters (10-30 m) in autumn and winter to shallower areas (<10 m) in spring (Ref. 82319). Young are non-migratory, inhabiting inshore nursery grounds (Ref. 89019, 89020, 89022); in the Bay of Douarnenez (France) they are found to remain in shallow waters for at least 2 years (Ref. 89023). Maturity age 7-8 years (Ref. 114953). Oviparous. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Detects weak electric fields generated by other organisms (prey detection and predator avoidance) but may also generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311, 88171). Utilized fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | تولید مثل | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | توزاد ( لارو)

Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Polyandrous species (Ref. 89024). Paired eggs are laid and deposited on shallow sand, mud, pebble or gravel bottoms (Ref. 205, 89025). Up to 170 egg cases can be laid by a single female in a year (Ref. 3167), but average fecundity is much lower (around 48-74 eggs) (Ref. 3603, 31302). In northwestern Europe, egg cases are laid during spring (Ref. 3167) and in the Mediterranean during winter and spring (Ref. 3167). Egg cases are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners, each containing one embryo (Ref. 205). Capsules are 5.0-9.0 cm long without the horns (Ref. 41250, 88187) and 3.4-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Egg cases are anchored with an adhesive film (Ref. 82399). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg cases hatch after about 4-5 months and pups are about 11-13 cm TL (Ref. 88864). Mating season from February to September, peaking in June (Ref. 74501). Adults observed to form same-sex aggregations during the mating season with females moving to shallower inshore waters approximately a month before the males (Ref 3603, 58137, 74501). Mating does not occur in the Baltic Sea (Ref. 82311).

مآخذ اصلی Upload your references | مراجع | هماهنگ كننده : McEachran, John | همكاران

McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)

وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)

نزديک به تهديد شدن (NT) ; Date assessed: 03 October 2005

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر برای انسان ها

Harmless

استفاده انسانی

ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله

FAO(ماهي گيري – شيلات: production; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

اطلاعات بيشتر

Trophic ecology
اقلام غذايي
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
شکارچیان

Ecology
بوم شناسي
Home ranges

Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
نوسانات طولی
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
تولید مثل
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
توزاد ( لارو)
پويايي لاروي

Distribution
كشورها
مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO)
Ecosystems
ظهور
معرفي
BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
Gill areas
مغزها
Otoliths

Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Swimming type
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
صداهاي ماهي ها
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
ژنتيك
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities

Human related
Aquaculture systems
نمايه هاي آبزي پروري
نژادها
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

Outreach
همكاران

Taxonomy
اسامي عام
مترادف
ريخت شناسي
ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري
عکس ها

References
مراجع

ابزارها

گزارش های ويژه

راجع به نگهداری آکواريم ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات گونه ها را ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات آبزی پروری را ببينيد

بارگيری XML

صفحه خلاصه | Point data | اسامي عام | تصاوير

منابع اينترنتي

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.1 - 15.8, mean 10.7 (based on 474 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00200 (0.00175 - 0.00228), b=3.26 (3.23 - 3.29), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.

جهندگی (Ref. 120179): پايين ، كم, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 5/4 – 14 سال (K=0.09-0.14; tm=10; tmax=23; Fec=150).

Prior r = 0.18, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.26, Based on 4 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).

طبقه قيمت (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758