Spain country information

Common names: Caramel, Gerret pàmfil, Jerret
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Hureau, J.-C., 1991
National Database: ICTIMED

Common names from other countries

Caramel, شذّام أو صِرْمِيص, 细鳞棒鲈, ... more

Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Spicara: Latin, spicare = furnished with spike (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
Placement in Sparidae from Centracanthidae from Santini et al. (2014:Ref. 95347). Suggestion already made in Garrido-Ramos et al. 1995; Hanel & Sturmbauer 2000; Summerer et al. 2001; Orrell et al. 2002; Orrell & Carpenter 2004; Chiba et al. 2009; Hanel & Tsigenopoulos 2011.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ökologie

seewasser; tiefenbereich 15 - 328 m (Ref. 56504). Subtropical; 47°N - 20°N, 19°W - 42°E

Verbreitung Länder | FAO Gebiete | Ecosystems | Vorkommen | Point map | Einführungen | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: entire Mediterranean, the Black Sea, southern Sea of Azov, and Atlantic coasts from Portugal to Morocco, including the Canary Islands and Madeira (Ref. 7349).

Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter

Maturity: L_m 9.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 24.2 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 86700); common length : 14.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3397); max. veröff. Gewicht: 29.40 g (Ref. 86700)

Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie

This species is distinguished by the following characters: protractile premaxilla; head length equals and longer than body depth; lateral line scales 75 or more; a black spot on the body side above the pectoral fin; body gray above and silvery below; color varies with age, sex and season (Ref. 124120).

Depth range from 15-170 m but up to depth of 328 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Inhabit Posidonia beds and muddy bottoms. Occur in schools except during breeding (Ref. 7081).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Spawns on detritic sandy bottoms, where the nests are excavated. A brightly colored male actively guards each nest, while females and some males swim above the area. At the end of the incubation period, the males lose their coloration, group into large schools and move to feeding places (Ref. 7081). Also Ref. 103751.

Hauptreferenz Upload your references | Referenzen | Koordinator | Partner

Heemstra, P.C., 1990. Centracanthidae. p. 768-772. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7349)

IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)

nicht bedroht (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 August 2009

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Bedrohung für Menschen

Harmless

Nutzung durch Menschen

Fischereien: weniger kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja

FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 11.8 - 17.8, mean 14.4 (based on 162 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00999 - 0.01261), b=3.01 (2.98 - 3.04), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.

Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (K=0.15-3.07(?); tmax=7).

Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.89, Based on 2 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).

Preiskategorie (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)