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Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758

Picked dogfish
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Image of Squalus acanthias (Picked dogfish)
Squalus acanthias
Picture by Murch, A.


Namibia country information

Common names: Dogfish, Doringhaai, Spikkel-penhaai
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Occurs off Namibia (Ref. 10717). Incidentally caught in bottom trawls and longlines.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.benefit.org.na/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer, 1999
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names ชื่อสามัญ | ชื่อพ้อง | Catalog of Fishes(สกุล, ชนิด) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

sub class Elasmobranchii (ฉลามและกระเบน) (sharks and rays) > Squaliformes (Sleeper and dogfish sharks) > Squalidae (Dogfish sharks)
Etymology: Squalus: Genus name from Latin 'squalus' meaning shark (Ref. 6885, 27436);  acanthias: Genus name from the Latin 'squalus' meaning shark; species name from the Greek 'akanthias' referring to the spines (Ref. 6885, 27436).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) has been resurected by Ebert et al. (2010: Ref. 85328) in the North Pacific where it replaces Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range นิเวศวิทยา

เกี่ยวกับทะเล,น้ำเค็ม; กร่อย สัตว์หน้าดินในเขตน้ำลึก; สัตว์น้ำที่อาศัยและอพยพภายในทะเลเท่านั้น (Ref. 51243); ระดับความลึก 0 - 1978 m (Ref. 125614), usually 50 - 300 m (Ref. 43939).   Temperate; 7°C - 15°C (Ref. 247); 78°N - 57°S, 82°W - 171°W (Ref. 247)

การแพร่กระจาย ประเทศต่างๆ | พื้นที่จำแนกตาม FAO | ระบบนิเวศหลายระบบ | การปรากฏขึ้น,การเกิดขึ้น,พบ | Point map | การแนะนำ | Faunafri

Western Atlantic Ocean, Indo-Pacific, Mediterrenean and Black Sea (Ref. 123983). Northern and Southern Hemispheres, rare in the Atlantic Arctic. Not in the North Pacific (Ref. 119696). .All records from North Pacific refer to Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) (Ref. 85328).

Length at first maturity / ขนาด / น้ำหนัก / Age

Maturity: Lm 80.9, range 69 - 100 cm
Max length : 160 cm TL เพศผู้/กระเทย; (Ref. 119696); 122.0 cm (female); common length : 100.0 cm TL เพศผู้/กระเทย; (Ref. ); น้ำหนักสูงสุดที่มีการรายงาน: 9.1 kg (Ref. 11389); อายุสูงสุดที่ได้รายงาน: 75 ปี (Ref. 39247)

Short description เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการแยกชนิดสัตว์,สิ่งมีชีวิตออกจากกัน | สัณฐานวิทยา | ความยาวต่างๆ

เงี่ยงครีบหลัง (รวม) : 2; เงี่ยงครีบก้น: 0; สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง: 101 - 109. This moderately sized species is distinguished by the following set of characters: very slender body, abdomen width 7.2-9.2% TL; narrow head, width at mouth 7.9-10.2% TL; mouth width 1.7-2.2 times its horizontal prenarial length; moderately long snout, preoral length 2.2-2.5 times horizontal prenarial length, 8.5-9.8% TL; single-lobed anterior nasal flap; small dorsal fins, raked, first dorsal-fin height 1.1-1.3 times its inner margin length, second dorsal-fin height 0.7-0.9 times its inner margin length; origin of first dorsal-fin located just posterior to pectoral-fin free rear tips; exposed bases of dorsal-fin spines relatively narrow, 0.4-0.7% TL; short spine of first dorsal fin, exposed length 1.7-2.7% TL; pectoral-fin anterior margin 1.9-3.1 times its inner margin length; preventral caudal margin 1.9-2.6 times inner margin of pelvic fin; pale caudal fin with poorly demarcated, whitish margin, blackish caudal blotch at the apex of upper lobe, anterior margins of both lobes whitish in juveniles; dark caudal bar absent; dorsal and lateral surfaces of body bluish grey with an irregular array of moderately-large white spots; whitish ventrally; flank denticles tricuspid; monospondylous centra 41-45, precaudal centra 74-79, total centra 100-105 (Ref. 58446).

ชีววิทยา     ภาคผนวก (เช่น epibenthic)

Possibly the most abundant living shark (Ref. 247). A demersal, inshore and offshore dogfish of the continental and insular shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 247, 11230, 119696). Usually near the bottom, but also in midwater and at the surface (Ref. 26346); occurs mainly between 10-200 m depth (Ref. 247). Males and gravid females usually found shallower than non-gravid females. Tolerates brackish water, often found in enclosed bays and estuaries. Reported to enter freshwater (Ref. 11980) but cannot survive there for more than a few hours (Ref. 247). Highly migratory species, used to be observed in large foraging schools with up to thousands of individuals, usually segregated by size and /or sex, with schools of large gravid females preferentially targeted by fisheries. Their latitudinal (north-south) and depth-related (nearshore-offshore) movements appear to be correlated with their preferred temperature (Ref. 247). Tagging experiments showed that populations in the northern North Sea and northwest Scotland made winter migrations to off Norway and summer migrations to Scotland (Ref. 88880, 88881). Transoceanic migrations recorded, but rare (Ref. 88864). Longevity in the northern Atlantic is about 35-50 years (Ref. 88882), but most live only 20-24 years (Ref. 88187). Growth is slow. At sexual maturity, males are 60-70 cm long, females 75-90 cm (Ref. 35388). Gestation period is 2 years (Ref. 36731). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205). Feeds on a diversity of prey, ranging from comb jellyfish, squid, mackarel and herring to a wide array of benthic fishes, shrimps, crabs and even sea cucumbers (Ref. 93252). The only species of horned sharks that can inflict toxins with its tail. Detects weak electric fields generated by potential prey (Ref. 10311). Utilized for human consumption, liver oil, vitamins, sand paper, leather, fertilizer, etc. (Ref. 247, 27436). Eaten fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | การสืบพันธุ์ | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | ตัวอ่อน

Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Ovoviviparous, with litters of 1 to 21 young (Ref. 247, 88865). Mating probably occurs in winter. Gestation period of 18 to 24 months, longest known of all chondrichthyans (Ref. 26346). Size at birth 18-30 cm (Ref. 26346). In the northeast Atlantic, pups are born in winter, with size at birth about 26-28 cm (Ref. 88864). Sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Gravid females congregate in enclosed shallow bays to give birth (Ref. 247). The mother shark experiences a series of rhythmic contractions, just like in mammals, and the young are delivered head first. Larger older females have bigger litters with larger pups; a female with 100 cm TL carries on average 4 times as many embryos compared to a 70 cm female and the former have higher survival rates than those born to small females (Ref. 4856, 88869, 88883).

Main reference Upload your references | อ้างอิง | ผู้ประสานงาน : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | ผู้ร่วมมือ

Ebert, D.A., W.T. White, K.J. Goldman, L.J.V. Compagno, T.S. Daly-Engel and R.D. Ward, 2010. Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae). Zootaxa 2612:22-40. (Ref. 85328)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)




Human uses

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ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม

Life cycle
การสืบพันธุ์
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
ตัวอ่อน
พลวัตของสัตว์น้ำวัยอ่อน
Anatomy
Gill areas
สมอง
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
รูปแบบการว่ายน้ำ
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
เสียงของปลา
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
พันธุศาสตร์
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
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เครื่องมือ

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 4.2 - 18.7, mean 9.9 (based on 4651 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00275 (0.00237 - 0.00320), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
ระดับชั้นอาหาร (Ref. 69278):  4.4   ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
ความสามารถในการกลับคืนสู่ปกติ (Ref. 120179):  ต่ำมาก, เวลาต่ำสุดที่จะทำให้ประชากรเพิ่มขึ้นเป็น 2 เท่าใช้เวลามากกว่า 14 ปี (rm=0.034; K=0.03-0.07; tm=10-30; tmax=75; Fec=1).
Prior r = 0.07, 95% CL = 0.05 - 0.10, Based on 10 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Medium.