Common names from other countries
分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 35388); 深度上下限 5 - 400 m (Ref. 9563), usually 50 - 150 m (Ref. 4968). 溫帶; 75°N - 49°S, 17°W - 177°E (Ref. 54935)
Worldwide in distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Norway to South Africa, also the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Western Pacific: Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand. Also known from the Indian Ocean.
遍及全球的分布。 東大西洋: 挪威到南非, 也地中海與黑海。 西太平洋: 日本，韓國，澳洲與紐西蘭。 也已知來自印度洋。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 35.1, range 29 - 35 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6953); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6953); 最大體重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 35388); 最大年齡: 12 年 (Ref. 5377)
背棘 (總數) : 9 - 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 22 - 24; 臀棘: 4; 臀鰭軟條: 20 - 23. Gill rakers rudimentary. Minute scales present. Highly compressed body (Ref. 4253). Large dark spot, surrounded by a light ring on each side of the body (Ref. 35388).
鰓耙不發達的。 細小的鱗片呈現。 高度扁長形的身體.(參考文獻 4253) 大的深色斑點, 在身體的兩邊上被一個淡的環包圍了。 (參考文獻 35388)
Found in areas close to the sea bed (Ref. 6390). Generally solitary. Feeds mainly on schooling bony fishes, occasionally on cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 27121). Reproduction takes place at the end of winter and at the start of spring in the northeastern Atlantic, earlier in the Mediterranean. Eggs are pelagic, maturity reached at 4 years (Ref. 36731). Sold fresh (Ref. 9563) and frozen (Ref. 9988). Can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). The flesh is excellent but is utilized little in West Africa (Ref. 5377).
發現於了接近海床的區域.(參考文獻 6390) 通常獨居性的。 主要吃群游性硬骨魚類, 偶然地吃頭足類動與甲殼動物.(參考文獻 27121) 生鮮販賣了 (參考文獻 9563) 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9988) 能被蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988) 繁殖在冬末發生在東北方的大西洋而在初春, 比較早的在地中海中。 肉是優良的但是在非洲西方部很少被利用.(參考文獻 5377) 卵大洋性, 成熟在 4 年達到了.(參考文獻 36731)
No studies of their reproductive development or early life history have been undertaken in Australia (Ref. 6390). Pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388).遍及全球的分布。 東大西洋: 挪威到南非, 也地中海與黑海。 西太平洋: 日本，韓國，澳洲與紐西蘭。 也已知來自印度洋。
Karrer, C. and A. Post, 1990. Zeidae. p. 631-633. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6953)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 6.7 - 23.7, mean 13.6 (based on 1223 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7656 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01660 (0.01364 - 0.02020), b=2.91 (2.85 - 2.97), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.15; tm=3-4; tmax=12).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.10, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
