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Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758)

European sprat
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Sprattus sprattus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Sprattus sprattus
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Italy country information

Common names: Alaccia, Filetti di papalina marinati, Losa
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
National Database: ICTIMED

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Clupeiformes (Herrings) 鯡形目 (Herrings) > Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens) 鯡科 (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302).   溫帶; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.
東北大西洋: 北海與波羅的海南至摩洛哥; 也地中海, 亞得里亞海的與黑海。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); common length : 12.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年齡: 6 年 (Ref. 3561)

簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.
下頜些微突出, 沒有任何的多骨放射陷紋的鰓蓋 , 齒很少地位於犛骨之上; 腹面有一個鱗甲的強龍骨脊; 最後兩個臀鰭棘條不增大了。 沒有在側面上的深色斑點。 翼的文件印章不存在。

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).

通常近海群游性, 有時進入河口 (尤其稚魚) 與容忍鹽度更低到 4個 ppt。 在冬天之間顯示強烈的迴游進食與夏天產卵場。 移動到表面在晚上。 吃浮游性甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 9900) 產卵在深度 10-20 公尺生產 6,000-14,000個大洋性的卵。 (參考文獻 35388) 一些產卵幾乎全年度,主要在春天與夏天, 在海岸或向上到 100 的附近公里向外到海洋, 幼魚漂流沿海地區。 賣作了到罐頭工廠的 '小鯡魚' 。 鯡魚被用於魚粉與當作貂的食物,比較少的供人類消費的生產。 (參考文獻 9900) 生鮮使用,煙燻了, 罐裝及冷凍; 可能是油鍋炸而火烤的。 (參考文獻 9988)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).東北大西洋: 北海與波羅的海南至摩洛哥; 也地中海, 亞得里亞海的與黑海。

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 18 July 2018

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  有雪卡魚毒中毒的報導 (Ref. 30911)




人類使用

漁業: 高經濟性; 誘餌: usually
FAO(漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋

更多資訊

Life cycle
繁殖
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
仔魚
稚魚動力學
Distribution
國家
FAO區域
生態系
發現紀錄
簡介
BRUVS - Videos
Anatomy
Gill areas
腦重體重比
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
游泳類型
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
魚的聲音
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
遺傳學
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
水產養殖描述
品種
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 4.3 - 15.3, mean 9.5 (based on 530 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5312   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00491 - 0.00675), b=3.09 (3.04 - 3.14), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  3.0   ±0.07 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)).
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Low.