FB-7451 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Anguilliformes Muraenidae Enchelycore Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Musaf taneem Muréna pardálí Hawaiiansk muræne Dragon eel Dragon moray Dragon moray eel Hawaiian dragon eel Leopard moray Leopard moray eel Leopard-saabelmureen Murène dragon Puhi kauhila Pūhi-oa Tora-utsubo 알락곰치 Pusi Puhi Puhi paa 薯鳗 虎鳗 豹紋勾吻鯙 豹紋海鱔 豹紋澤鱔 豹纹勾吻鯙 豹纹泽鳝 豹纹海鳝 钱鳗 Enchelynassa canina (non Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Gymnothorax pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Muraena kauila Jenkins, 1903 Muraena lampra Jenkins, 1903 Muraena pardalis Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 1993-02-20 2024-08-12 Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino0 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) Tinker, S.W.0 Fishes of Hawaii, a handbook of the marine fishes of Hawaii and the Central Pacific Ocean. Hawaiian Service Inc., Honolulu. 568 p. (Ref. 583) Wass, R.C.0 An annotated checklist of the fishes of Samoa. Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Adminis. Tech. Rept., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish. (781). (Ref. 592) Parrish, J.D., J.E. Norris, M.W. Callahan, J.K. Callahan, E.J. Magarifuji and R.E. Schroeder0 Piscivory in a coral reef fish community. p. 285-297. In C.A. Simenstad and G.M. Cailliet (eds.) Contemporary studies on fish feeding. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (Ref. 2763) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Shen, S.C. (ed.)0 Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei. 960 p. (Ref. 5193) Miyasaka, A.0 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ref. 5358) Fouda, M.M. and G.V. Hermosa Jr.0 A checklist of Oman fishes. Sultan Qaboos University Press, Sultanate of Oman. 42 p. (Ref. 6365) Chen, H.-M., K.-T. Shao and C.T. Chen0 A review of the muraenid eels (Family Muraenidae) from Taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records. Zool. Stud. 33(1):44-64. (Ref. 6934) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38. (Ref. 8973) Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen0 Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p. (Ref. 9137) Allen, G.R. and W.F. Smith-Vaniz0 Fishes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 412:21 p. 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(11):1-74. (Ref. 26066) Winterbottom, R. and R.C. Anderson0 A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Ichthyol. Bull. Smith. Inst. (66):1-28. (Ref. 27307) Randall, J.E.0 Randall's tank photos. Collection of 10,000 large-format photos (slides) of dead fishes. Unpublished. (Ref. 28618) Randall, J.E.0 Randall's underwater photos. Collection of almost 2,000 underwater photos (slides). Unpublished. (Ref. 28620) Takai, A. and Y. Ojima0 Karyotypic studies of five species of Anguilliformes (Pisces). Proc. Japan Acad., Ser. B: Phys. Biol. Sci. 61(6):253-256. (Ref. 29588) Arkhipchuk, V.V.0 Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk. (Ref. 30184) Allen, G.R. and R.C. Steene0 Fishes of Christmas Island Indian Ocean. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 6798, Australia. 197 p. 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Novák0 České názvy zivočichů V. Ryby a rybovití obratlovci (Pisces) II., nozdratí (Sarcopterygii), paprskoploutví (Actinopterygii) [chrupavčití (Chondrostei), kostnatí (Neopterygii): kostlíni (Semionotiformes) - bezostní (Clupeiformes)]. Národní muzeum (zoologické odděleí), Praha. (Ref. 51054) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin0 An updated checklist of the marine fish fauna of Reunion Island, south-western Indian Ocean. Cybium 28(3):199-216. (Ref. 53568) Randall, J.E.0 Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 720 p. (Ref. 54980) Chen, C.-H.0 Checklist of the fishes of Penghu. FRI Special Publication No. 4. 175 p. (Ref. 55073) Baissac, J. de B.0 SWIOP/WP/54 - Checklist of the marine fishes of Mauritius. RAF/87/008/WP/54/90 Regional Project for the Development & Management of Fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean. (Ref. 58078) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Mundy, B.C.0 Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. (6):1-704. (Ref. 58302) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim and J.H. Kim0 Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Pub Co. Seoul. 615p. (in Korean). (Ref. 77001) Taquet, M. and A. Diringer0 Poissons de l'Océan Indien et de la mer Rouge. Versailles (France): Éditions Quæ. 527 p. (Ref. 81519) IGFA0 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 83530) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Fricke, R., M. Kulbicki and L. Wantiez0 Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 4:341-463. (Ref. 86942) Bacchet, P., T. Zysman and Y. Lefèvre0 Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles. Tahiti (Polynésie Francaise): Éditions Au Vent des Îles. 608 p. (Ref. 89972) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann0 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102) Smith, D.G.0 A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). Zootaxa 3474:1-64. (Ref. 92337) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Miller, T.J.0 Feeding behavior of <i>Echidna nebulosa</i>, <i>Enchelycore pardalis</i>, and <i>Gymnomuraena zebra</i> (Teleostei: Muraenidae). Copeia 662-672. (Ref. 118229) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Loh, K.H., K.T. Shao and H.M. Chen0 Length-weight relationships for 39 species of moray eel from the waters around Taiwan. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 27:945-948. (Ref. 121652) Anonymous, Mike Severns Diving0 Hawaii's Endemic Species. World Wide Web page. https://www.mikesevernsdiving.com/hawaii-endemic-species/. Mike Severns Diving [Accessed 30/09/2022]. (Ref. 122646) State of hawaii0 SWAP species fact sheets. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/hswap/fact-sheets/ [Accessed 13/08/2020]. (Ref. 122680) Flandinette, P.0 Secret Seas Discovering the secrets of Oman's underwater world. Mazoon Printing, Publishing and Packaging LLC: Muscat, Oman. 239p. (Ref. 129713) FB-pic-7451-1924 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1994-12-22 2010-07-13 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Enpar_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Enpar_u0.jpg FB-pic-7451-12800 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-12-31 1999-07-06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Enpar_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Enpar_u2.jpg FB-pic-7451-12801 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-12-31 2000-07-17 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Enpar_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Enpar_u3.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1993-02-20 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Inhabits coral and rocky reefs. Common in warm-temperate waters (Ref. 9710). Benthic at 1-35 m (Ref. 58302). Feeds on fishes (Ref. 9710). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 86942. Chen, H.-M., K.-T. Shao and C.T. Chen 1994 A review of the muraenid eels (Family Muraenidae) from Taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records. Zool. Stud. 33(1):44-64. (Ref. 6934) FB-DiagnosticDescr-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 2012-12-12 00:00:00 2013-02-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Description: Characterized by brown to brownish orange with narrow irregular dark brown bars on body, numerous dark-edged white spots, small black spots on head and body; body depth at gill opening 10-16 in TL; dorsal fin anterior to gill opening; anus anterior to middle of body; combined head and trunk (preanal length) 2.1-2.3 in TL; slender and hooked jaws; visible long canine teeth in gap between jaws when mouth closed and viewed laterally; two rows of jaw teeth; small and sharp outer row teeth, close to canines of inner row; median row at front of upper jaw with three elongate canines; elongate and tubular anterior nostril; posterior nostril a very long tube above front of eye (Ref. 90102). Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102) FB-Morphology-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 2012-12-12 00:00:00 2013-02-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Vertebrae: 119 - 126 Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102) FB-Distribution-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1993-02-20 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Indo-Pacific: Reunion to the Hawaiian, Line and Society islands, north to southern Japan (Ref. 559) and southern Korea, south to New Caledonia. Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) FB-Uses-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1993-02-20 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial Miyasaka, A. 1993 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ref. 5358) IGFA 2009 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 83530) Miyasaka, A. 1993 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ref. 5358) FB-TrophicStrategy-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-11-22 00:00:00 2018-06-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public pardalis http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Inhabits coral and rocky reefs. Common in warm-temperate waters. Feeds on fishes (Ref. 2763). Also in Ref. 9137. In terms of feeding behavior, strikes were aimed small prey on their mid-ventral surface area; on large prey, strikes are concentrated at mid-ventral surace, head, tail and mi-dorsal fin. Number of strikes to capture and the time to locate and capture prey differed significantly between small and large prey. Prey manipulation and feeding on smal prey involve orientation, 'M' (i.e., the eel moves in a general forward and/or reverse direction, possibly forming an "M" configuration), shaking and feeding; while feeding on large prey involve orientation, 'M,' knotting 1, releasing and feeding (Ref. 118229). Chen, H.-M., K.-T. Shao and C.T. Chen 1994 A review of the muraenid eels (Family Muraenidae) from Taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records. Zool. Stud. 33(1):44-64. (Ref. 6934) FB-Size-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1993-02-20 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 92.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 54980)) Randall, J.E. 2005 Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 720 p. (Ref. 54980) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-7451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1993-02-20 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7451 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat reef-associated; marine; depth range 5 - 60 m (Ref. 30874) Allen, G.R. and R.C. Steene 1988 Fishes of Christmas Island Indian Ocean. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 6798, Australia. 197 p. (Ref. 30874)