FB-452 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=452 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Eupercaria/misc Sparidae Stenotomus Stenotomus chrysops (Linnaeus, 1766) Morlesz przyladkowy Ferreira branca Ferreira-branca Witsteenbras Hvid blankesten Marmorbrasse Südafrikanische Meerbrasse Pignose grunter White steenbras Whitefish Valge leetekoger Marbré du Cap Mormora africana лещ белый морской Erla Herrera del Cabo Bela ovčica 長頭石頜鯛 长头石颌鲷 Lithognathus capensis (Swainson, 1839) Lithognatus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1829) Pagellus capensis Swainson, 1839 Pagellus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1829) Pagrus lithognathus Cuvier, 1829 1990-10-17 2013-07-18 Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes0 Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome 6. Chez F.G. Levrault, Paris. (Ref. 1710) Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith0 Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 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(Ref. 129144) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) FB-pic-450-24152 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1999-09-10 2010-08-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Lilit_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Lilit_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2009-04-29 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Found over sandy substrate, in estuaries and oceanic waters. Enters lagoons (Ref. 3198). Feeds bottom invertebrates, including worms, crabs and shrimp (Ref. 27121). Spawns in the sea but uses estuaries as nursery grounds. Prime angling fish. Important food fish. Sold fresh and whole in markets. Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith 1984 Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507) FB-DiagnosticDescr-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-01-28 00:00:00 1997-01-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 Silvery in color, crossbars fade with age. Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith 1986 Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3198) FB-Morphology-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-01-28 00:00:00 1997-01-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith 1986 Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3198) FB-Distribution-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Southeast Atlantic: known only from the Orange River mouth to Natal, South Africa. Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith 1986 Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3198) FB-Uses-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2009-04-29 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith 1984 Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507) FB-Migration-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2009-04-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-TrophicStrategy-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-03-16 00:00:00 2000-12-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public lithognathus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Feeds on benthic organisms and plants (Ref. 12563). Bennett, B.A. 1989 The diets of fish in three south-western Cape estuarine systems. S. Afr. J. Zool. 24(3):163-177. (Ref. 12563) FB-Size-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2009-04-29 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy 200 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 3198)) Smith, J.L.B. and M.M. Smith 1986 Sparidae. p. 580-594. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3198) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2009-04-29 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=450 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range ? - 150 m (Ref. 27121) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer 1999 FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Field guide to the living marine resources of Namibia. FAO, Rome. 265p. (Ref. 27121)