FB-4326 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja Leucoraja naevus (Müller & Henle, 1841) Raja dwuplama Raia-de-dois-olhos Baqara Mzahrah Morgath lygadog Pletrokke Kuckucksroche Kuckucksrochen Butterfly skate Cuckoo ray Cuckoo skate Sandy ray Kägu-helerai Marmorirausku Raie fleurie Pichira rutunnula Razza cucolo Razza cuculo Razza fiorita Raza smedja Blomrocka Fläckrocka Vatoz Raia santiaguesa Raya de San Pedro Raya santiaguesa Raya santiguesa Cvetasta raža Grootoogrog Koekoeksrog Psifidovatos Raïa Rajada vestida Sálahi Βατί Βάτος Ράγια Ράτσα Ρίνα Σαλάχι Ψηφιδόβατος 杂斑鳐 雜斑鰩 Raja circularis (non Couch, 1838) Raja naevus Müller & Henle, 1841 Raja quadrimaculata (non Risso, 1827) 1991-05-30 2024-06-18 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Coull, K.A., A.S. Jermyn, A.W. Newton, G.I. Henderson and W.B. 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Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Lenae_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Lenae_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2024-06-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Feed on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167). Maximum sizes of up to 106 cm, that are occasionally reported for specimens from the North Sea are probably erroneous (Ref. 131089). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.0-7.0 cm long and 3.1-3.9 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Around 70-150 eggs are laid per individual annually (Ref. 41250). McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-16 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Snout short; upper surface entirely spinulose, but centre of pectoral fins more or less bare in adults, underside smooth except for prickly front edges; generally 9-13 thorns in a complete row around inner margin of eye, and a large triangle of thorns on nape or shoulder region; two parallel rows of strong thorns on each side of midline along tail; upper surface ochre to light greyish-brown with a large roundish black eye-spot in middle of each pectoral fin, underside white (Ref. 3167) Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) FB-Morphology-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-16 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) FB-Distribution-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Eastern Atlantic: Kattegat (Ref. 3167) and North Sea, around Great Britain, Ireland and the Mediterranean to Morocco and Senegal. Stehmann, M. 1990 Rajidae. p. 29-50. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic. Junta Nacional de Investigaçao Cientifica e Tecnológica, Lisbon, Portugal. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4426) FB-Uses-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2024-06-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Anonymous 1997 Species kept in the Kiel Aquarium in August 1997. Unpublished. 4 p. (Ref. 13389) FB-LifeCycle-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2024-06-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4326&StockCode=4514 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-Size-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2024-06-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 81.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 106604)); 68 cm TL (female) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-4326 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-30 00:00:00 2024-06-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4326 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription demersal; marine; depth range 12 - 900 m (Ref. 106604), usually 20 - 250 m (Ref. 11284) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604) Stehmann, M. 1995 First and new records of skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes, Rajidae) from the West African continental slope (Morocco to South Africa), with descriptions of two new species. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 43(1):1-119. (Ref. 11284)