FB-1253 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1253 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja Leucoraja garmani (Whitley, 1939) Raia-focinho-branco Lyssnudet rokke Blanknasen-Rochen Clearnose skate Clear-nosed brier skate Clear-nosed summer skate Klaasnina-rai Raie blanc nez Raya hialina Raya naricita Pinokkiorog 晶吻鰩 晶吻鳐 Raia chantenay Lesueur, 1824 Raia desmarestia Lesueur, 1824 Raja diaphanes Mitchill, 1815 Raja eglanteria Bosc, 1800 1990-10-17 2022-10-06 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Pauly, D.0 A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200. (Ref. 312) Fitz, E. and F. Daiber0 An introduction to the biology of <i>Raja eglanteria</i> Bosc 1802 and <i>Raja erinacea</i> Mitchell 1825 as they occur in Delaware Bay. Bull. Bingham Ocean Coll. 18(3):69-97. (Ref. 1125) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Stehmann, M. and J.D. McEachran0 Rajidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 5. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3824) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Kotlyar, A.N.0 Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow. 288 p. (Ref. 5969) Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer0 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder0 Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays. p. 1-514. In J. Tee-Van et al. (eds.) Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part two. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. (Ref. 6902) Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder0 Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 53:1-577. (Ref. 7135) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray0 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) Humann, P.0 Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications, Jacksonville, Florida. 426 p. (Ref. 9761) Fritzsch, B. and P. Moller0 A history of electroreception. p. 39-55. In P. Moller (ed.) Electric fishes:history and behavior. Fish and Fisheries Series 17. Chapman & Hall, London. (Ref. 10311) Michael, S.W.0 Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. 107 p. (Ref. 12951) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref. 26282) Sanches, J.G.0 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalização estatística). Publ. Avuls. Inst. Nac. Invest. Pescas 14:322 p. (Ref. 26388) Smith, C.L.0 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. (Ref. 26938) McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn0 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong and J.A. Musick0 Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 p. (Ref. 27549) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of November 1999. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in November 1999. (Ref. 33021) Schwartz, R.J. and M.B. Maddock0 Comparisons of karyotypes and cellular DNA contents within and between major lines of elasmobranchs. In T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Taniuchi, and K. Matsuura (eds). Indo Pacific Fish Biology, Tokyo, Ichthyol. Soc. of Japan p.148-157. (Ref. 34328) Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven0 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften. (Ref. 34370) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634) Hinegardner, R.T.0 The cellular DNA content of sharks, rays, and some other fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55B:367-370. (Ref. 34654) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Intitut fur Seefischerei (ISH). BIOLAB Forschungsinstitut, Hohenwestedt, Germany. (Ref. 35509) Compagno, L.J.V.0 Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766) Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein0 Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p. (Ref. 37512) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Luer, C.A. and P.W. Gilbert0 Mating behavior, egg deposition, incubation period, and hatching in the clearnose skate, <i>Raja eglanteria</i>. Environ. Biol. Fishes 13(3):161-171. (Ref. 38742) Kendall, C., S. Valentino, A.B. Bodine and C.A. Luer0 Flow cytometric DNA analysis of nurse shark, <i>Ginglymostoma cirratum</i> (Bonaterre) and clearnose skate, <i>Raja eglanteria</i> (Bosc) peripheral red blood cells. J. Fish Biol. 41(1):123-129. (Ref. 40340) Ishihara, H.0 Study on the systematics and fishery resources of the North Pacific skates (Pisces: Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Tokyo University. 186 p. Ph.D. dissertation. (Ref. 41249) Funicelli, N.A.0 Egg cases of cartilaginous fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Long Island University. 57 p. M.S. thesis. (Ref. 41301) Breder, C.M. and J.T. Nichols0 The eggs of <i>Raja eglanteria</i> Bosc, with a key to the shells of New York species. Copeia 1937(3):181-184. (Ref. 41307) Breder, C.M. and J.W. Atz0 Further notes on the eggs of <i>Raja eglanteria</i> Bosc. Copeia 1938(3):145-146. (Ref. 41358) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Bor, P.H.F.0 Nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) van de wereld. World Wide Web electronic publication www.rajidae.tmfweb.nl, version (05/2002). (Ref. 43454) Hargis, W.J.0 Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part V. The superfamily Capsaloidea. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc. 74(3):203-225. (Ref. 46261) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Pratt, H.L. Jr. and J.C. Carrier0 A review of elasmobranch reproductive behavior with a case study on the nurse, <i>Ginglymostoma cirratum</i>. Environ. Biol. Fishes 60(1-3):157-188. (Ref. 49562) Wigley, S.E., H.M. McBride and N.J. McHugh0 Length-weight relationships for 74 fish species collected during NEFSC research vessel bottom trawl surveys, 1992-99. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-171. 26 p. (Ref. 49746) McEachran, J.D. and M.R. de Carvalho0 Rajidae. Skates. p. 531-561. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. (Ref. 50195) Dulvy, N.K. and J.D. Reynolds0 Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 264:1309-1315. (Ref. 50449) Libby, E.L. and P.W. Gilbert0 Reproduction in the clearnosed skate, <i>Raja eglanteria</i>. Anat. Rec. 138:365. (Ref. 51117) Riede, K.0 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Florida Museum of Natural History0 Biological profiles: clearnose skate. Retrieved on 26 August 2005, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ClearnoseSkate/ClearnoseSkate.html. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History: Education-Biological Profiles. FLMNH, University of Florida. (Ref. 55280) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Collette, B.B. and G. Klein-MacPhee (eds.)0 Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine, third ed. Caldwell, N.J. : Blackburn Press, 577 p.: ill.; 27 cm. (Ref. 86779) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) IUCN0 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded in November 2012. (Ref. 92298) Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick0 Field guide to fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. JHU Press, 360 p. (Ref. 93252) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) Page, L.M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, N.E. Mandrak, R.L. Mayden and J.S. Nelson0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada and Mexico, 7th edition. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, 384 p. (Ref. 96293) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Last, P.R., S. Weigmann and L. Yang0 Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes). In: Last and Yearsley (eds.). Rays of the World: Supplementary Information. CSIRO Special Publication. 11-34. (Ref. 118749) Sagarese, S.R., R.M. Cerrato and M.G. Frisk0 Diet composition and feeding habits of common fishes in Long Island Bays, New York. Northeast. Nat. 18(3):291-314. (Ref. 124031) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) FB-GeneralDescr-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Found from saltwater parts of estuaries and bays of 330 m (Ref. 26938). Inhabit inshore areas. Prefer waters of 10°-21°C. Feed mainly on decapod crustaceans, bivalves, polychaetes, squids and fishes (Ref. 3824). Breed while inshore (Ref. 6902). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.1-8.9 cm long and 3.8-5.7 cm wide (Ref. 41249, 41307, 41301, 41358). McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Grace Tolentino Pablico 2001-01-11 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Small skate, with irregular darker spots and bars on dorsal surface. Translucent area on each side of mid-dorsal ridge on snout (Ref. 26938). Single row of thorns along the midridge of the back (Ref. 6902). Disk with dark brown bars and streaks and some spots. Front edges nearly straight or slightly concave (Ref. 7251). Smith, C.L. 1997 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. (Ref. 26938) FB-Distribution-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2022-09-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Western Atlantic: Massachusetts to southern Florida (USA) and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Also northern Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 26938). Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Uses-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: minor commercial; bait: occasionally; price category: medium; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer 1979 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Stehmann, M. and J.D. McEachran 1978 Rajidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 5. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3824) FB-Migration-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1252&StockCode=1268 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).From the work of Libby and Gilbert (1960) (Ref. 51117) and Luer and Gilbert (1985) (Ref. 38742) male and female clearnose skates mate side by side in an upright position (Ref. 49562). Actual copulation occurs when the male bites the caudal margin of the female's pectoral, bends his tail 75 degrees beneath hers and inserts one clasper, flexed ('splayed') medially 90 degrees, into her oviduct (Ref. 49562). A female displays 'back arching' and 'pectoral fin undulations' as precopulatory behavior to attract males (Ref. 49562). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-10-20 00:00:00 2015-03-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public eglanteria http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabits inshore areas. Prefers waters of 10°-21°C. Feeds mainly on decapod crustaceans, bivalves, polychaetes, squids and fishes. McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-Size-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 84.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 1125)) Fitz, E. and F. Daiber 1963 An introduction to the biology of <i>Raja eglanteria</i> Bosc 1802 and <i>Raja erinacea</i> Mitchell 1825 as they occur in Delaware Bay. Bull. Bingham Ocean Coll. 18(3):69-97. (Ref. 1125) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1252-901 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-05-23 00:00:00 2003-05-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1252&StockCode=1268 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Empruthotrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Hargis, W.J. 1955 Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part V. The superfamily Capsaloidea. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc. 74(3):203-225. (Ref. 46261) FB-Habitat-1252 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2019-11-02 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1252 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 330 m (Ref. 92298), usually 0 - 50 m (Ref. 55280) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) IUCN 2012 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded in November 2012. (Ref. 92298) Florida Museum of Natural History 2005 Biological profiles: clearnose skate. Retrieved on 26 August 2005, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ClearnoseSkate/ClearnoseSkate.html. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History: Education-Biological Profiles. FLMNH, University of Florida. (Ref. 55280)