FB-11185 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11185 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Symphysodon Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 Acará bararuá Acará disco Acará disco comum Acará-moreré Moreré Morerê Peixe disco Ægte diskosfisk Rød diskosfisk Echter Diskus Pompadurfisch Discus Pompadour fish Red discus Harilik sõõrahven Kiekkokala Äkta diskusfisk Heckeldiskus 盘丽鱼(五彩神仙鱼) 盤麗魚(五彩神仙魚) Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess, 1981 1994-06-20 2013-07-15 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Riehl, R. and H.A. Baensch0 Aquarien Atlas. Band. 1. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde, Germany. 992 p. (Ref. 1672) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. 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Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Ready, J.S., E.J.G. Ferreira and S.O. Kullander0 Discus fishes: mitochondrial DNA evidence for a phylogeographic barrier in the Amazonian genus <i>Symphysodon</i> (Teleostei: Cichlidae). J. Fish Biol. 69(Suppl.B):200-211. (Ref. 57706) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Bartley, D.M. (comp./ed.)0 DIAS. Introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture: information for responsible use and control. CD-ROM. Rome (Italy): FAO. (Ref. 74657) Zuckerman, L.D. and R.J. Behnke0 Introduced fishes in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. p 435-454 in R. H. Stroud, editor. Fish culture in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society, Fish Culture Section and Fisheries Management Section, Bethesda, Maryland. (Ref. 75149) Nomura, H.0 Nomes científicos dos peixes e seus correspondentes nomes vulgares. In H. Nomura (ed.). Dicionário dos peixes do Brasil. Editerra, Brasília, Brasil: 27-63. (Ref. 86306) Amado, M.V., I.P. Farias and T. Hrbek0 Molecular perspective on systematics, taxonomy and classification Amazonian discus fishes of the genus <i>Symphysodon</i>. International J. Evolutionary Biol.. 2011:1-16. (Ref. 91098) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11186 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution They feed on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter. Maximum length 20 cm TL (Ref. 7020). Kullander, S.O. 1996 Eine weitere Übersicht der Diskusfische, Gattung <i>Symphysodon</i> Heckel. D. Aqu. U. Terr. Z., Sonderheft "Diskus". (Ref. 33249) FB-Distribution-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2022-11-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11186 South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, near the mouth of the Negro River, in the lower Abacaxis River, and in the lower Trombetas River. Kullander, S.O. 2003 Cichlidae (Cichlids). p. 605-654. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36377) FB-Uses-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11186 fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-LifeCycle-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Deposit several hundred eggs on stones or plants; both parents defend eggs and larvae; larvae feed on a skin mucus during their first few days. Balon, E.K. 1990 Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48. FB-TrophicStrategy-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2001-02-08 00:00:00 2001-02-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public discus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Feeds on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter. Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-Size-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11186 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 12.3 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 36377)) Kullander, S.O. 2003 Cichlidae (Cichlids). p. 605-654. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36377) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-11186-733 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-11 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Bacterial Infections (general). Bacterial diseases Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-1447 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-02-02 00:00:00 2005-02-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 Capillaria Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-11186-32 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-11 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dactylogyrus Gill Flukes Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-06-02 00:00:00 2005-06-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Hexamitosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-11186-360 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-23 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Hole-in-the-Head Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-1463 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-02-17 00:00:00 2005-02-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Ichthyouris Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-11186-205 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-26 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Livoneca Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-188 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-11 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 Nematode Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-368 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-23 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Protopalina Symphysodonis infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-08-25 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Tetrahymena Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Diseases-11186-402 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-09-11 00:00:00 2003-09-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=11186&StockCode=11511 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Turbidity of the Skin (Freshwater fish). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bassleer, G. 1997 Color guide of tropical fish diseases: on freshwater fish. Bassleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 272 p. (Ref. 41805) FB-Habitat-11186 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-20 00:00:00 2025-12-19 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11186 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; non-migratory (Ref. 126106); freshwater; pH range: 4.2 - 6.2; dH range: 0 - 1 Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106)