Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; benthopelagic; depth range ? - 530 m (Ref. 114953). Tropical; 45°N - 4°N, 98°W - 51°W (Ref. 114953)
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, mainly eastern USA, rarely south to Venezuela.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 154 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 114953); max. published weight: 60.0 kg (Ref. 114953)
Life history unknown. Males reaches maturity at 75-85 cm TL, females at 125-135 cm TL (Ref. 114953).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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