Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien; brak water demersaal; pH range: ? - 10.4; amfidroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 0 - 50 m (Ref. 13325). Subtropical; 11°C - 34°C (Ref. 127853); 29°N - 17°S
Western Atlantic: Cape Cod (USA), Bermuda, and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil. Questionable occurrence records in the China (Ref. 52360), Taiwan (47843), and Vietnam (Ref. 9706, 46452).
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 26340); common length : 60.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3718); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 10.1 kg (Ref. 4699)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 0; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 25-29; Anale stekels 0; Anale zachte stralen: 16 - 19; Wervels: 73 - 85. Scales small, more than 100 in lateral line. Gular plate narrow (Ref. 26938). Silvery overall, with bluish on upper surface (Ref. 7251). Branchiostegal rays: 26-33 (Ref. 4639).
Occur in shallow neritic areas, over muddy bottoms (Ref. 5217). Also found in brackish estuaries and juveniles are common in lagoons and hyper-saline bays (Ref. 5217). Form large schools close to the shore (Ref. 9987). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Spawn in the open sea (Ref. 5217). Larval development is represented by profound changes in body form accompanied by 2 periods of length increase, interspaced by a period of length decrease (Ref. 4639). Noted for their habit of skipping along the surface of the water and for jumping after being hooked (Ref. 5521). Marketed fresh, salted and frozen but considered a second rate food fish (Ref. 3718). Rhynchobothrium bulbifer found in the viscera of the adult (Ref. 37032).
Spawns offshore, the larvae drifting towards the coast where they shelter and grow (Ref. 9987). Leptocephalus larvae are found in salinities as low as 0.0+ to 0.8 ppt (Ref. 75142).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; sportvis: ja; aas: usually
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1142 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5176 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00458 - 0.00830), b=2.94 (2.86 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (K=0.22-0.3; tm=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.2 [10.7, 44.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.569 [0.300, 0.970] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.5, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.15 [0.08, 0.27] g/100g; Selenium = 20.8 [10.2, 44.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 34.3 [11.0, 111.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.654 [0.437, 1.015] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
