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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Opisthonema: Greek, opisthe = behind + Greek,nema = filament (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lesueur.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 1 - 50 m (Ref. 93252), usually 5 - ? m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 41°N - 37°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine (USA), Bermuda, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies southward to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Also found in Uruguay (Ref. 54736) and Argentina (Ref. 2806).
西大西洋: 緬因灣 (美國) ，百慕達群島, 在墨西哥灣各處，加勒比海與西印度群島向南至巴西的聖特琳娜。 哥倫比亞形式可能地是一個亞種， Opisthonema oglinum captivai 。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 11.5, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大體重: 375.00 g (Ref. 5217)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 19 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 23 - 24. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes this species from all other western Atlantic clupeoids except Dorosoma, which has an inferior mouth (Ref. 188). Otherwise, superficially resembles species of Sardinella (but i 8 pelvic fin rays in western Atlantic species, cf. i 7 in Opisthonema) and Harengula (but small toothed hypomaxilla in upper jaw) (Ref. 188). Lower gill rakers stable at 28 to 46 after 8 cm (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a bluish or greenish back, 6-7 lengthwise dark streaks on side. Dark spot above opercle, larger dark spot behind opercle, usually with a row of dark spots behind it. Lower profile deeply curved. Head pointed (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
絲狀的最後背鰭鰭條除了 Dorosoma 以外將此種與所有的其他大西洋西部鯡魚區分開, 有一個下方的嘴.(參考文獻 188) 不一樣地, 表面地與 沙丁魚 (但是 i 大西洋西部種的 8個腹鰭鰭條, 比較 i 7 在 Opisthonema 中) 與 Harengula(但是小的有齒 hypomaxilla 在上頜中) 的種相似.(參考文獻 188) 下鰓耙趕入馬房裏在 28 到 46 在 8 公分之後.(參考文獻 188) 銀色的, 具有一個藍色或呈綠色的背面,6-7 在側邊上的縱長深色條紋。 在鰓蓋上面的深色斑點 , 較大的深色斑點在後鰓蓋,通常有在它後面的一列深色斑點。 低的輪廓深深地彎曲。 頭部尖的.(參考文獻 7251)
Inhabit harbors and shallow coastal areas (Ref. 9710). Pelagic (Ref. 27549). Form schools (but solitary individuals reported), probably not entering water of low salinity. Feed by filtering plankton (copepods), but also take small fishes, crabs and shrimps. Marketed fresh, frozen and salted; also used in the fishmeal industry. Occur in freshwater in St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 26938).
棲息於港灣與淺灘沿岸區域。 (參考文獻 9710) 形成魚群 (但是獨居性的個體報告), 可能不進入低鹽度的水域。 藉著過濾浮游生物 (橈腳類的動物) 覓食, 但也吃小魚，螃蟹與蝦。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 冷凍與鹽醃的; 也被用於魚粉業。 在聖約翰河，佛羅里達出現在淡水。 (參考文獻 26938)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Possibly breeds in March-July off Venezuela.西大西洋: 緬因灣 (美國) ，百慕達群島, 在墨西哥灣各處，加勒比海與西印度群島向南至巴西的聖特琳娜。 哥倫比亞形式可能地是一個亞種， Opisthonema oglinum captivai 。
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 23 August 2012
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 22.7 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 480 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00776 - 0.00977), b=3.06 (3.03 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-3; tmax=8).
Prior r = 1.18, 95% CL = 0.78 - 1.77, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 59.1 [28.2, 107.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.394, 1.446] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.5, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.242 [0.132, 0.455] g/100g; Selenium = 34.8 [18.7, 79.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.7 [28.7, 303.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.856 [0.565, 1.280] mg/100g (wet weight);
