Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة القاع; مهاجرة بين الياه الملحه و الحلوة لكن ليس للتزاوج (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 10 - 150 m (Ref. 4376). Tropical; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 4959); 29°N - 33°S, 28°E - 149°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and East Africa to Australia, New Caledonia and Tahiti.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 7.9, range 8 - 9.1 cm
Max length : 11.3 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 7050); common length : 8.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3424)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 8; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 16; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 14. Body silvery. Naked head; with nuchal spine. Mouth strongly oblique; nostrils situated above eyes (Ref. 48635). Protracted mouth pointing upward; Tip of maxilla reaching well below level of lower margin of eye. Body depth twice or slightly more than standard length. Lateral line ending before dorsal fin.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Schooling species found in shallow waters, usually near the bottom (Ref. 30573). Occasionally enters brackish waters (Ref. 4833, 48635). Swims in loose groups (Ref. 48635). Feeds on zooplankton including copepods, mysids, and larval fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 11441). Sold fresh and dried salted; also used for fishmeal.
James, P.S.B.R., 1984. Leiognathidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3424)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 22 - 28.5, mean 27.2 °C (based on 1101 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00942 - 0.01606), b=2.99 (2.92 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 2.8 ±0.27 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (K=0.3-1.50).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100).
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