Teleostei (teleosts) >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 0 - 40 m (Ref. 26375). Subtropical; 12°S - 54°S
Southwest Atlantic: Brazil. Does not occur in Argentina nor in Uruguay (Ref. 43588).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 26375); common length : 40.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 6077); max. published weight: 12.0 kg (Ref. 26375)
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 68 - 86; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 52 - 67. Pectoral fins small, about two times head on ocular side, 2.7-3.0 time head on blind side. Pelvic fins about equal in size and shape on both sides. Caudal fin double truncate (Ref. 27363).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Inhabits coastal areas, in bays and estuaries (Ref. 36453). Found over sandy or muddy substrate. Apparently, reproduction occurs during summer in small groups of 3-15 individuals. Adults are solitary. This species is very much appreciated for its taste and high commercial value.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer, 1979. INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Tools
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.7 - 26.1, mean 16.1 °C (based on 150 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00381 - 0.01095), b=3.15 (3.01 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 48.7 [22.7, 102.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.825 [0.392, 1.524] mg/100g; Protein = 17 [15, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.185 [0.096, 0.345] g/100g; Selenium = 26.2 [11.8, 60.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.23 [2.47, 38.07] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.461 [0.297, 0.719] mg/100g (wet weight);
