Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 1 - 100 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 38°N - 7°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to at least northern South America.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 29.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217); max. published weight: 10.70 g (Ref. 118626)
Inhabits mud or sand bottoms (Ref. 5217). Most common on rather shallow offshore banks, such as commercial shrimp grounds; less common inshore.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 27.9, mean 26 °C (based on 484 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00513 (0.00293 - 0.00898), b=3.09 (2.94 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (19 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 155 [83, 295] mg/100g; Iron = 1.13 [0.65, 1.94] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [16.2, 18.4] %; Omega3 = 0.207 [0.106, 0.406] g/100g; Selenium = 53.1 [25.2, 128.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 52.6 [17.5, 159.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1 [1, 1] mg/100g (wet weight);
