| Species | Name Used in Reference |
|---|---|
| Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis Langeani, 1990 | Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus franciscoensis Langeani, 1990 | Neoplecostomus franciscoensis (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus granosus (Valenciennes, 1840) | Neoplecostomus granosus (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus microps (Steindachner, 1877) | Neoplecostomus microps (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus paranensis Langeani, 1990 | Neoplecostomus paranensis (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus ribeirensis Langeani, 1990 | Neoplecostomus ribeirensis (p. ) |
| Neoplecostomus variipictus Bizerril, 1995 | Neoplecostomus variipictus (p. ) |