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Centrarchiformes (Basses)
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Kuhliidae (Aholeholes)
湯鯉科 (Aholeholes)
Etymology: Kuhlia: Because of Heindrich Kuhl, 1797-1821; researcher also with lizards (Gekkonidae).
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 5 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 20°C - 26°C (Ref. 2060)
Africa to Asia and Oceania: East Africa to Samoa, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland, Australia and New Caledonia.
非洲到亞洲與大洋洲: 東非到美屬薩摩亞, 北至琉球群島, 南至澳洲的昆士蘭省與新加勒多尼亞。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 26.5, range 26 - 27 cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5329); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2847); 最大體重: 2.7 kg (Ref. 5329)
背棘 (總數): 10; 背的軟條 (總數): 10-12; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 11. Diagnosis: Preorbital serrae 10-15 (obsolete in large specimens); body depth 2.6-3.0 in SL; mouth large for genus, maxilla reaching to below posterior half of eye; caudal fin emarginate, lobes somewhat rounded, caudal concavity 5.3-8.7 in head length (Ref. 41640). Reduced number of lateral line scales; 17-18(19) gillrakers on lower part of first bracnhial arch; body with spots (Ref. 79840).
Coloration: Silvery, the scales dorsally on body with black edges, those on side with a black bar or spot; juveniles with a broad black zone, edged above and below in white, in soft portion of dorsal fin, and each lobe of caudal fin with a large, white-edged black spot; black areas in these fins enlarge with growth until in adults most of these fins black (caudal with upper and lower edges and corners whitish) (Ref. 41640).
眶前骨鋸齒 10-15;(大的標本退化) 體高 2.6-3.0 分之一標準體長; 嘴對於屬是大的, 顎骨延伸到眼的後半段下面; 尾鰭邊緣微凹的, 葉略微圓的, 尾部的凹窪 5.3-8.7 分之一頭長。 銀色的, 鱗片在身體背面有黑邊, 那些在側邊上具有一個黑色的橫帶或斑點; 在背鰭的柔軟部位中,稚魚有被在白色上面與下面邊緣的一個寬的黑色區域, 與每個葉尾鰭有一個大的, 邊緣白色的黑色斑點; 在這些鰭的黑色的區域隨著成長增大直到當成魚時大部分的這些鰭黑色 (尾鰭有上、下邊緣與角落微白色的) 。 (參考文獻 41640)
Primarily a freshwater inhabitant but may penetrate adjacent marine habitats (Ref. 41640). Adults occur in estuaries and the middle reaches of rivers; usually in relatively fast-flowing, clear streams (Ref. 2847, 79840). Usually in rainforests, as well as in rocky pools below waterfalls (Ref. 44894). Adults are omnivorous, feeding on small fishes, insects, crustaceans and fruits (figs) that drop into the water. Specific breeding habits are unknown, but adults move downstream into estuaries or to the sea to spawn (Ref. 44894). Neither anterolateral groove nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Good food fish (Ref. 5329).
主要地一個淡水的棲居動物但是可能貫透毗連的海洋棲息地。 (參考文獻 41640) 成魚出現在河口與河的中游; 通常在相當快速流動的, 清澈溪流.(參考文獻 2847) 通常在雨林, 以及在岩石的水池中在瀑布之下.(參考文獻 44894) 成魚是雜食性的, 吃小魚，昆蟲，甲殼動物與果實 (無花果樹) 那一下降進入水。 特定的繁殖習慣是未知的, 但是成魚進入河口之內移動向下游，否則到海洋產卵.(參考文獻 44894) 既不是前外側的凹槽也不是毒液腺存在.(參考文獻 57406) 好食用魚.(參考文獻 5329)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Presumably non-guarders (RF).非洲到亞洲與大洋洲: 東非到美屬薩摩亞, 北至琉球群島, 南至澳洲的昆士蘭省與新加勒多尼亞。
Randall, J.E. and H.A. Randall, 2001. Review of the fishes of the genus Kuhlia (Perciformes: Kuhliidae) of the Central Pacific. Pac. Sci. 55(3):227-256. (Ref. 41640)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 14 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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參考文獻養殖養殖資訊品種遺傳學Electrophoreses遺傳率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.2 - 29.3, mean 28.4 °C (based on 2775 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00591 - 0.03375), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 47.5 [26.2, 74.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.537 [0.323, 0.863] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [18.3, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.111 [0.070, 0.175] g/100g; Selenium = 19.4 [11.2, 34.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 80.8 [27.4, 245.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.58 [1.13, 2.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
