分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水; 降海洄游 (Ref. 59043); 深度上下限 10 - 20 m (Ref. 30578). 溫帶; 60°N - 15°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: from the coasts of southern Norway to Cape Verde, including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Ref. 2804, Ref. 51442, 116118). Records of its occurrence in tropical waters are based on misidentifications (Ref. 3573).
東大西洋: 距離海岸南方挪威到摩洛哥, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 2804, 參考文獻 51442) 在熱帶水域的它的發生的記錄是以誤鑑為依據.(參考文獻 3573)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 25.9, range 25 - 32 cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4645); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3646); 最大体重: 2.9 kg (Ref. 40476); 最大年龄: 10 年 (Ref. 40476)
背棘 (总数): 4 - 5; 背的软条 (总数): 7-10; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. Fusiform body (Ref. 51442). Massive head, flattened above the eyes (Ref. 51442). Small mouth (Ref. 51442). Snout short and blunt (Ref. 51442). Two dorsal fins well-separated, the first with 4 to 5 spines (Ref. 40476, Ref. 51442). Pectoral fins are placed high on the flanks (Ref. 51442). Large scales (Ref. 51442). Dorsal sides and flanks gray-colored, ventral side white (Ref. 51442).
纺锤型身体.(参考文献 51442) 大的头部, 平的了上方眼。 (参考文献 51442) 小的嘴.(参考文献 51442) 吻短与钝的.(参考文献 51442) 二个背鳍分得很开, 第一个有 4 到 5根棘.(参考文献 40476, 参考文献 51442) 胸鳍被高高地位于侧面上。 (参考文献 51442) 大的鳞片.(参考文献 51442) 背部两侧与侧面灰色的, 腹的旁白色.(参考文献 51442)
Adults are pelagic occurring near shore, entering lagoons and lower reaches of rivers in schools; often in polluted waters (Ref. 51442, 59043) between temperatures 8-24°C. Juveniles colonize the littoral zone and estuaries (Ref. 51442). Adults feed on epiphytic algae, detritus and small benthic or planktonic organisms, pelagic eggs and larvae while juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3.0 cm SL, then on benthic animals and plants (Ref. 59043). Spawning takes place at sea near the coast between September and February (Ref. 30578, 51442). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Adults undergo migrations (Ref. 51442).
回游种.(参考文献 51442) 产卵在九月与二月之间在聚集的时候在海岸的附近海上发生。 (参考文献 30578, 参考文献 51442) 卵在海洋中发育而且稚鱼移殖至海滨的区域与河口。 (参考文献 51442) 成鱼进入河的下面部份。 (参考文献 51442) 他们通常生活近海, 进入在温度 8-24 ° C. 之间的泻湖与河口与河 吃附生植物的藻类，碎屑与小型底栖或浮游性生物, 大洋性的卵与仔鱼。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Spawning takes place at sea near the coast by gathering in groups between September and February (Ref. 51442). The eggs develop at sea (Ref. 51442). The juveniles then colonize the littoral zone and the estuaries (Ref. 51442). Adults enter the lower parts of the rivers and treturn to the sea to spawn (Ref. 51442).東大西洋: 距離海岸南方挪威到摩洛哥, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 2804, 參考文獻 51442) 在熱帶水域的它的發生的記錄是以誤鑑為依據.(參考文獻 3573)
Thomson, J.M., 1990. Mugilidae. p. 855-859. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7399)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.7 - 20.1, mean 11.8 °C (based on 314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00743 - 0.01172), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.20 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.4 (3.2 - 7.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.15; tm=3-5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.3 [5.2, 148.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.275 [0.165, 0.453] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.9, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 1.14 [0.46, 2.94] g/100g; Selenium = 3.21 [1.26, 8.34] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.98 [2.20, 38.02] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.485 [0.343, 0.670] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
