Gymnura marmorata, California butterfly ray : fisheries

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Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864)

California butterfly ray
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Gymnura marmorata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Gymnura marmorata (California butterfly ray)
Gymnura marmorata
Picture by Robertson, R.

Classification / Names ຊື່ສາມັນ | ຄຳສັບຄ້າຍຄືກັນ | Catalog of Fishes(ຕະກຸນ, ຊະນິດ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

ກຸ່ມປາກະດູກອ່ອນ (ເຊັ່ນ: ປາສະຫລາມ, ປາຜາໄລ) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range ນິເວດວິທະຍາ

ສັດທະເລ ອາໄສຢູ່ໃກ້ໜ້າດິນໃຕ້ພື້ນທ້ອງນ້ຳ; ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 1 - 94 m (Ref. 96339). Subtropical; 44°N -

ການແຜ່ກະຈາຍ ປະເທດ | ເຂດ FAO | ລະບົບນິເວດ | ການປະກົດຕົວ | Point map | ການແນະນຳ | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.

ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 9255); common length : 95.0 cm WD ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 1468)

ຊີວະສາດ     ຄຳແປສັບ (ຕ.ຢ. epibenthic)

Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).

Life cycle and mating behavior ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ | ການສືບພັນ | ການວາງໄຂ່ | ໄຂ່ | ຄວາມດົກຂອງໄຂ່ປາ | ຕົວອ່ອນ

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

Main reference Upload your references | ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | ຜູ້ປະສານງານ : McEachran, John | ຜູ້ຮ່ວມມື

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Near Threatened (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 07 February 2019

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)





Human uses

ການປະມົງ: ທີ່ເປັນການຄ້າໜ້ອຍ

ຂໍ້ມູນຕື່ມອີກ

ປະເທດ
ເຂດ FAO
ລະບົບນິເວດ
ການປະກົດຕົວ
ການແນະນຳ
Stocks
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ອາຫານ
ລາຍການອາຫານ
ການບໍລິໂພກອາຫານ
ອັດຕາ
ຊື່ສາມັນ
ຄຳສັບຄ້າຍຄືກັນ
ການເຜົາໃໝ້ພະລັງງານໂດຍປ່ຽນທາດອາຫານໃນຮ່າງກາຍໃຫ້ກາຍເປັນຊີ້ນແລະໜັງ
ຜູ້ລ້າ
ການສຶກສາຜົນກະທົບຂອງສານຜິດທີ່ມີຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ລະບົບນິເວດ
ການສືບພັນ
ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ
ການວາງໄຂ່
ການສັງລວມການວາງໄຂ່
ຄວາມດົກຂອງໄຂ່ປາ
ໄຂ່
Egg development
Age/Size
ການເຕີບໃຫຍ່
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
ການວັດແທກຮູບຮ່າງລັກສະນະພາຍນອກຂອງດິນ,ສັດ,ປາ…
ສະລີລະວິທະຍາ
ຕົວອ່ອນ
ການປ່ຽນແປງຂອງຕົວອ່ອນ
ການທົດແທນທີ່
ຄວາມອຸດົມສົມບູນ
BRUVS
ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ
ການລ້ຽງສັດນ້ຳ
ຂໍ້ມູນການລ້ຽງສັດນ້ຳ
ສາຍພັນ
ກຳມະພັນ
Electrophoreses
ການຖ່າຍທອດທາງກຳມະພັນຈາກພໍ່ແມ່ຫາລູກ
ພະຍາດ
ການປຸງແຕ່ງ
Nutrients
Mass conversion
ຜູ້ຮ່ວມມື
ຮູບ
Stamps, Coins Misc.
ສຽງ
ຫອຍມີພິດຊະນິດນຶ່ງທີ່ອາໄສໃນທະເລ
ຄວາມໄວ
ປະເພດການລອຍ
ເນື້ອທີ່ເຫືອກ
Otoliths
ສະໝອງ
ວິໄສທັດ

ເຄື່ອງມື

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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 17.7 - 28.8, mean 23.4 °C (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (Ref. 69278):  4.0   ±0.65 se; based on food items.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (Ref. 120179):  ຕຳ່ຫຼາຍ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າຫຼາຍກວ່າ 14 ປີ (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 21.4 [4.0, 100.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.728 [0.188, 2.073] mg/100g; Protein = 22.7 [19.3, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.271 [0.078, 0.792] g/100g; Selenium = 20.3 [6.4, 60.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.76 [3.37, 28.18] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.569 [0.277, 1.042] mg/100g (wet weight);