分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Gadiformes (Cods) >
Macruronidae (Blue grenadiers)
Etymology: Macruronus: Greek, makros = great + Greek, onos = hake.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的; 深度上下限 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 26566), usually 200 - 700 m (Ref. 9563). 亞熱帶的; 15°S - 55°S, 111°E - 173°W (Ref. 58452)
Southwest Pacific: New Zealand and southern Australia.
西南太平洋: 紐西蘭與澳洲南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 67.5, range 65 - 70 cm
Max length : 120 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 80.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); 最大體重: 1.5 kg (Ref. 1371); 最大體重: 1.5 kg; 最大年齡: 25 年 (Ref. 6390)
背棘 (總數): 12 - 13; 背的軟條 (總數): 96-106; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 89 - 93; 脊椎骨: 78 - 81. Dorsal surface silvery, with a purple or blue-green tinge; plank and belly silvery; fins darker. Body very elongate and compressed with a tapering tail, dorsal and anal fins confluent with the caudal fin (Ref. 33856).
背面銀色的, 具有一個紫色或藍綠色淡色; 厚木板與腹面銀色的; 鰭比較深色的。 身體非常長而扁長形的具有一個尖端細的尾部, 背鰭與臀鰭與尾鰭匯合.(參考文獻 33856)
Appear to live usually on or near the bottom, but may occasionally move up into mid-waters. Large adult fish generally occur deeper than 400 m, while juveniles may be found in shallower water (Ref. 9072), more commonly found in large estuaries and bays, and may even enter freshwaters (Ref. 1371). Juvenile specimens and especially adults belonging to the American subspecies, have been caught from the coastal zone to 110 m (Ref. 58452). Form schools. Feed primarily on lantern fishes. In New Zealand, it feeds in midwater on small fish, crustaceans and squid. Oviparous, spawn 1 million eggs on the average which are released all at one time (Ref. 6390). Utilized fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, cooked in microwave and baked (Ref. 9988).
似乎通常生活在底部上面或附近, 偶然地但是可能移動向上進入中層水域。 大的成魚通常出現在較深處勝於 400 公尺, 而稚魚可能被發現於較淺的水域 (參考文獻 9072),多普遍發現於大的河口與海灣, 而且可能甚至進入淡水.(參考文獻 1371) 稚年的標本與尤其成魚屬於美國亞種, 曾經捕捉對 110 公尺的從海岸的區域.(參考文獻 58452) 形成魚群。 主要捕食燈籠魚。 在紐西蘭, 它在中層水域的吃捕食小魚, 甲殼動物與烏賊。 卵生的, 一般說來產卵一百萬個卵那是全部釋放同時.(參考文獻 6390) 生鮮使用與冷凍; 能在微波與燒烤被蒸,油炸, 煮。 (參考文獻 9988) 紐西蘭這種的商業 Hoki 漁場已經被檢定藉由海洋的總管職務會議 (http://www.msc.org/) 當管理良好且族群能維持。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Female blue grenadier produce about 1 million eggs on average, which are all released at once (Ref. 6390).西南太平洋: 紐西蘭與澳洲南部。
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 5.8 - 12.5, mean 8 °C (based on 300 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00219 - 0.00690), b=2.98 (2.82 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.1 (5.2 - 8.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 18
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.12-0.2; tm=3-7; tmax=25; Fec = 1,000,000).
Prior r = 0.31, 95% CL = 0.20 - 0.49, Based on 4 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26.4 [12.3, 56.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.629 [0.299, 1.299] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.5, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.105, 0.456] g/100g; Selenium = 62.1 [26.1, 122.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.2 [5.4, 54.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.541 [0.348, 0.866] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
