Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; ozeanodrom (Ref. 51243); tiefenbereich 0 - 400 m (Ref. 50550). Temperate; 8°C - 30°C (Ref. 56557); 49°N - 2°N, 105°E - 155°E (Ref. 54432)
Western Pacific: southern Sakhalin Islands, Sea of Japan and Pacific coasts of Japan, and south to almost Canton/Taiwan; rare records (seems to represent stray fishes) off the coasts of Luzon and Western Mindanao, Philippines and from Manado and Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi, Indonesia (Ref. 189).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 10.5, range 10 - 11 cm
Max length : 18.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 56527); common length : 14.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 56527); max. veröff. Gewicht: 45.00 g (Ref. 56527); max. veröff. Alter: 4 Jahre (Ref. 56527)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt): 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt): 12-14; Afterflossenstacheln 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 13 - 18. Differs very little from the European anchovy (see E. encrasicolus) and can be identified from that description. Of other anchovies found in the southern part of its distribution, only species of Encrasicholina and Stolephorus are of similar appearance, but all have small spine-like pre-pelvic scutes (usually 2 to 7 scutes). Thryssa have compressed bodies and a keel of scutes along belly.
Occurs in large schools near the surface, mainly in coastal waters but as far out as over 1,000 km from the shore. Tends to move more northward and inshore in spring and summer. Juveniles associate with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Feeds on copepods, but also on other small crustaceans, molluscan larvae, fish eggs and larvae and diatoms. Marketed fresh and salted, processed into fishmeal and oil (Ref. 12484).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 4690)
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: hoch kommerziell; Aquakultur: kommerziell; Köder: usually
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
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Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.1 - 23.3, mean 18.4 °C (based on 139 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00270 - 0.00587), b=3.10 (2.98 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.1 (1.0 - 1.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 16
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (K=1.05; tm=1-2; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.18, 95% CL = 0.78 - 1.76, Based on 7 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 148 [56, 380] mg/100g; Iron = 0.698 [0.304, 1.783] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.8, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 1.57 [0.74, 3.39] g/100g; Selenium = 14.9 [5.6, 40.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.51 [1.30, 42.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.939 [0.527, 1.630] mg/100g (wet weight);
