分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Gymnotiformes (Knifefishes)
電鰻目 (Knifefishes) >
Gymnotidae (Naked-back knifefishes)
裸背電鰻科 (Naked-back knifefishes) > Gymnotinae
Etymology: Gymnotus: Greek, gymnos = naked (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 6.0 - 7.5; dH range: ? - 15; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 亞熱帶的; 22°C - 28°C (Ref. 1672)
Central and South America: southern Mexico to Paraguay, including Trinidad.
中美洲與南美洲: 墨西哥南部，巴拉圭與阿根廷 (參考文獻 9086), 包括千里達。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 19.4, range 25 - ? cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 79585); 最大體重: 1.2 kg (Ref. 79585)
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Aggressive (Ref. 27188). Inhabits turbid slow moving or standing waters (Ref. 11225). Found also in shallow edges of streams (Ref. 75964). Can survive when ditches, canals and small ponds dry out. (Ref. 11225). Feeds mainly at night on worms, insects (e.g. odonate larvae), shrimps, fish (preferably small characids, e.g. Ctenobrycon and Curimata) and plant matter (Ref. 7020; 10011). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Mouth brooding by males is observed in this species (Ref. 55570). Males provide parental care in nests excavated for eggs and larvae (Ref. 55570). Uses its long anal fin for locomotion. Can distinguish between a `friendly neighbor' and a potentially `threatening stranger' based on electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform alone (Ref. 10011). Relationship between EOD pattern and agonistic behavior in this species has been demonstrated (Refs. 10531, 10532, 10533). Shows auditory abilities, responding best to a frequency of 1000 Hz, with an upper limit above 5000 Hz (Ref. 10831). Also responds to vibratory stimuli (water waves: 125-250 Hz) with transient increase in EOD rate (Ref. 10834). 'Prefers' temperatures of 24-25°C (Ref. 10836).
侵略性.(參考文獻 27188) 棲息於混濁的緩慢移動的或不流動的水域。 (參考文獻 11225) 當溝渠, 運河與小的池塘乾掉的時候能存活。 (參考文獻 11225). 主要在晚上捕食蠕蟲，昆蟲 (例如蜻蜓目昆蟲仔魚) ，蝦，魚 (可能小的脂鯉, 例如 Ctenobrycon 與 Curimata) 與植物 (參考文獻 7020; 10011)。 卵生的.(參考文獻 205) 孵雄性的嘴在這種方面被觀察。 (參考文獻 55570) 雄性在為卵與仔魚被挖的巢中提供親代養育。 (參考文獻 55570) 使用它的長臀鰭作為運動。 能區別一友好的鄰居' 與一可能地脅迫的陌生人' 以發電器放電 (EOD) 為依據波形孤獨的.(參考文獻 10011) 這種的 EOD 模式和好鬥的行為之間的關係已經被實驗證明 (參考文獻。 10531,10532,10533). 顯示聽眾席能力,最好地回應 1000個赫茲的頻率, 上限超過 5000個赫茲。 (參考文獻 10831) 也回應震動的刺激 (水波: 125-250個赫茲) 與 EOD 率的短暫增加.(參考文獻 10834) '偏愛'24-25 °C 的溫度.(參考文獻 10836)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Parental care is provided by the male. The male sits on a depression with its anal fin expanded horizontally guarding a cluster of larvae. More larvae are spread out in leaf litter up to 2 m away (Ref. 55570).中美洲與南美洲: 墨西哥南部，巴拉圭與阿根廷 (參考文獻 9086), 包括千里達。
Campos-da-Paz, R., 2003. Gymnotidae (Naked-back knifefishes). p. 483-486. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36692)
人類使用
漁業: 沒有興趣; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00292 - 0.00495), b=2.93 (2.85 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.56 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 51.3 [21.6, 112.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.975 [0.510, 1.782] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [17.1, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.33 [0.13, 0.83] g/100g; Selenium = 25.6 [9.8, 63.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.8 [6.9, 67.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1 [1, 1] mg/100g (wet weight);
