Reproduction of Amblyraja radiata
Document source: http://www.fishbase.se/Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?GenusName=Amblyraja&ID=2565&SpeciesName=radiata&StockCode=2761&fc=19
 
Main Ref. Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984
Mode dioecism
Fertilization internal (oviduct)
Mating type
Spawning frequency
Spawning aggregation Ref.  
Batch spawner Ref.  
Reproductive guild nonguarders
open water/substratum egg scatterers
Parental Care none
Description of life cycle and mating behavior Distinct pairing with embrace. Oviparous, laying 10-45 egg cases each year (Ref. 44869, 41305). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 3.4-8.9 cm long and 2.3-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). In the North Sea, fully formed individuals hatch after 4 months and pups are about 8-11 cm in length (Ref. 44869, 37969). In the Barents Sea, low water temperature may lengthen embryonic development time to 2.5-3 years (Ref. 44869).
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