| 主な参照 | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
|---|---|
| 意見 | Omnivorous, feeds on molluscs and crustaceans; also barnacles, sea urchins, marine worms, sea squirts, fish eggs and eelgrass. Feeding ceases when the fish become inactive during winter months. Parasites of the species include 12 trematodes, 6 cestodes, 7 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan and 1 monogenean (Gyrodactylus adspersi) (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 参照 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 供給様式 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
| 食性 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
| Estimation method | 原本のサンプル | Unfished population | 意見 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 餌料組成から | 3.72 | 0.18 | 3.39 | 0.40 | Troph of adults from 5 studies. |
| 個々の食物品目から | 3.25 | 0.21 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参照 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||