Hoofdreferentie | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Opmerkingen | Often found in outer reef areas. Larvae are encountered in surface waters of 26.3° to 31°C and 26.9 to 35 ppt. Feeds primarily on fishes with smaller quantities of penaeid shrimps and squids. Large schools have been found to migrate over considerable distances along the Atlantic US coast, water temperature permitting. It is an important species for recreational, commercial, and artisanal fisheries throughout its range. Most of the catch is processed into steaks or sold fresh, or sometimes canned and salted. Appears to be present all throughout the year off Louisiana, USA and off the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Migrates over considerable distances along the Atlantic US coast depending on water temperatures. The coastal area from Florida to Massachusetts is inhabited only during the warm months of the year. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Ondergrond | Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Speciale habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associaties | |
Geassocieerd met | |
Opmerkingen in verband met associaties | |
Parasitisme |
Voedingstype | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Voedingsgewoonte | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Origineel staal | Onbeviste populatie | Opmerking | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Op basis van dieetsamenstelling | 4.42 | 0.29 | 4.48 | 0.79 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
Op basis van individuele voedselitems | 4.43 | 0.77 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |