Main Ref. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 |
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Remarks | Found mainly in brackish and freshwaters; also over muddy bottoms of coastal marine waters (Ref. 5217). May leap out of the water. A carnivorous fish that returns to the sea to reproduce (Ref. 36880). Bears venomous glands on dorsal and anal spines (Ref. 40401). Juveniles up to 8.2 cm FL feed mainly on scales taken from larger fishes, also on benthic and planktonic crustaceans, and to a minor extent on smaller fishes and polychaetes (Ref. 40402). Juveniles up to 3.0 cm TL adopt a dark brown color pattern while close to decaying plant fragments, an example of camouflage (Ref. 40401, 46533). Over open, detritus-free and light colored sandy bottom, adopts a contrasting yellowish and dark brown pattern, an example of warning colors. Its conspicuous colors are mimicked by juveniles of the non-venomous grunt Pomadasys ramosus (Ref. 46533). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
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Association remarks | Scale-eating behaviour was suggested to originate from opportunistic foraging on other fishes (cleaning) (Ref. 28733). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.30 | 0.48 | 4.37 | 0.74 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.16 | 0.67 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 |