| Main Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Feeds mainly on benthic organisms (Ref. 26807). Preyed upon by cod, pollock, white hake, harbor and grey seals. Parasites of the species include Lepidapedon rachion, Myxidium bergense, a coccidian parasite Eimeria gadi, 4 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, 2 trematodes, 2 cestodes, 6 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans and 4 copepods (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
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| Substrate | : rocky; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Jiang, W. and T. Jørgensen, 1996 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | 
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.03 | 0.13 | 4.04 | 0.66 | Troph of adults from 12 studies. | 
| From individual food items | 3.56 | 0.67 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Daan, N., 1989 | ||||