| Main Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | Hard Bottom; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | 
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.53 | 0.57 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 | ||||