อ้างอิงหลัก | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
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ข้อสังเกต | Migrating inshore to breed, but without any strong north-south migrations, the populations being localized. Apparently landlocked populations (races) exist in the lakes of South Sakhalin, eastern Hokkaido and eastern Honshu. Salinity resistance (min. 1.5%) is maximal in newly hatched larvae and fry, and minimal in larvae of 20-30 days old (Ref. 6507). Pelagic and neritic. Schooling species. Moves vertically at the water column, surfacing in the evening and descending at dawn. Found in nearshore areas; in harbors, inlets, bays and brackish estuaries when spawning; and may enter fresh water. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -1.4°C. Feeds on crustaceans, benthic infauna, foraminiferans, plant materials, and fishes (Ref. 117245). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
อ้างอิง | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | Lethenteron camtschaticum. |
Association remarks | Lethenteron camtschaticum found attached to this species. |
Parasitism |
วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 3.16 | 0.19 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. | ||
จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 3.46 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
อ้างอิง | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |