| 主要參考文獻。 | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Sluggish. Seldom found on smooth, clean sand. Generally keeps far from shore. Forms small aggregations, but mostly solitary. Feeds on fish and invertebrates (Ref. 1371). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| 基板 | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| 基板參考值 | |
| 特殊棲息地 | |
| 特殊棲息地 Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| 協會 | |
| 相關聯 | |
| 協會備註 | |
| 寄生 |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| 供料類型 Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| 餵飼習慣 Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.90 | 0.25 | 3.83 | 0.35 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 4.08 | 0.69 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||